Sticky small target: an effective sampling tool for tsetse fly Glossina fuscipes fuscipes Newstead, 1910

Mbewe, Njelembo J.; Saini, R. K.; Torto, Baldwyn; Irungu, Janet; Yusuf, Abdullahi Ahmed; Pirk, Christian Walter Werner

doi:10.1186/s13071-018-2840-6

Cited by 7 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…with μ representing the mean, In(t) the dispersion parameter, B 0 the intercept, B 1 x 1 the treatment, B 2 x 2 the block and B 3 x 3 the day effects of the model. Thus, mean tsetse catches were modelled on treatments for each experiment whilst taking into account the block and day effects of the study [38]. To provide a common index of effect, the mean tsetse catch of a treatment was expressed as a proportion of a reference treatment or control, the resultant value termed catch index.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A novel vehicle-mounted sticky trap; an effective sampling tool for savannah tsetse flies Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and Glossina morsitans centralis Machado

et al. 2021

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Background Black screen fly round (BFR) is a mobile sampling method for Glossina morsitans. This technique relies on the ability of operator(s) to capture flies landing on the screen with hand nets. In this study, we aimed to evaluate a vehicle-mounted sticky panel trap (VST) that is independent of the operator’s ability to capture flies against BFR, for effective and rapid sampling of G. m. morsitans Westwood and G. m. centralis Machado. We also determined the influence of the VST colour (all-blue, all-black or 1:1 blue-black), orientation and presence of odour attractants on tsetse catch. Methodology/Principal findings Using randomised block design experiments conducted in Zambia, we compared and modelled the number of tsetse flies caught in the treatment arms using negative binomial regression. There were no significant differences in the catch indices of the three colour designs and for in-line or transversely oriented panels for both subspecies (P > 0.05). When baited with butanone and 1-octen-3-ol, VST caught 1.38 (1.11–1.72; P < 0.01) times more G. m. centralis flies than the un-baited trap. Attractants did not significantly increase the VST catch index for G. m. morsitans (P > 0.05). Overall, the VST caught 2.42 (1.91–3.10; P < 0.001) and 2.60 (1.50–3.21; P < 0.001) times more G. m. centralis and G. m. morsitans respectively, than the BFR. The VST and BFR took 10 and 35 min respectively to cover a 1 km transect. Conclusion/Significance The VST is several times more effective for sampling G. m. morsitans and G. m. centralis than the BFR and we recommend its use as an alternative sampling tool.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In all experiments, randomised block designs [38] were used to compared treatment effects. Different blocks constituted 1 km transects, set 300 m apart [39], with groups of adjacent days as experimental units [40].…”

Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel vehicle-mounted sticky trap; an effective sampling tool for savannah tsetse flies Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and Glossina morsitans centralis Machado

et al. 2021

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“…12,13 Among the methods used for tsetse control are insecticide-treated traps and targets, aerial or ground spraying, pour-ons applied on cattle, sterile insect technique (SIT), and habitat interference, 7,[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] as well as newer ones, including the use of sticky small targets and possibilities of using microbial symbionts. [23][24][25][26] However, their success has been limited by the large geographical scale of the problem and by the need to sustain long-term monitoring efforts, which requires continued deployment of resources. 20,21,27 Kenya is plagued by tsetse flies and trypanosomes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Differentiation of Glossina pallidipes Tsetse Flies in Southern Kenya

Okeyo

Saarman

Bateta

et al. 2018

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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The tsetse fly , the major vector of the parasite that causes animal African trypanosomiasis in Kenya, has been subject to intense control measures with only limited success. The population dynamics and dispersal patterns that underlie limited success in vector control campaigns remain unresolved, and knowledge on genetic connectivity can provide insights, and thereby improve control and monitoring efforts. We therefore investigated the population structure and estimated migration and demographic parameters in using genotypic data from 11 microsatellite loci scored in 250 tsetse flies collected from eight localities in Kenya. Clustering analysis identified two genetically distinct eastern and western clusters (mean between-cluster = 0.202) separated by the Great Rift Valley. We also found evidence of admixture and migration between the eastern and western clusters, isolation by distance, and a widespread signal of inbreeding. We detected differences in population dynamics and dispersal patterns between the western and eastern clusters. These included lower genetic diversity (allelic richness; 7.48 versus 10.99), higher relatedness (percent related individuals; 21.4% versus 9.1%), and greater genetic differentiation (mean within-cluster ; 0.183 versus 0.018) in the western than the eastern cluster. Findings are consistent with the presence of smaller, less well-connected populations in Western relative to eastern Kenya. These data suggest that recent anthropogenic influences such as land use changes and vector control programs have influenced population dynamics in in Kenya, and that vector control efforts should include some region-specific strategies to effectively control this disease vector.

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“…Tsetse fly catches were made using biconical traps [28] and sticky small targets [29]. These were placed at sites that had either open or dense vegetation previously shown to have apparent fly densities of more than twenty flies per biconical trap per day [25].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…f . fuscipes is most active [27, 29]. The treatments were incorporated into a series of randomised block design experiments comprising groups of near or adjacent days at a site as different blocks [32].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Responses of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes to visually attractive stationary devices baited with 4-methylguaiacol and certain repellent compounds in waterbuck odour

Mbewe¹,

Saini²,

Irungu³

et al. 2019

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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Background A blend of compounds (pentanoic acid, guaiacol, δ-octalactone and geranylacetone) identified in waterbuck ( Kobus defassa ) body odour referred to as waterbuck repellent compounds (WRC) and a synthetic repellent 4-methylguaiacol have previously been shown to repel tsetse flies from the morsitans group. However, these repellents have not been evaluated on palpalis group tsetse flies. In this study, we evaluated the effect of these repellents on catches of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes (major vector of human sleeping sickness) in biconical traps and on sticky small targets which are visually attractive to palpalis group flies. The attractive devices were baited with different doses and blends of the repellent compounds. We also assessed the effect of removal of individual constituents in the synthetic blend of WRC on catches of G . f . fuscipes . Methodology/Principal findings The study was conducted in western Kenya on four islands of Lake Victoria namely Big Chamaunga, Small Chamaunga, Manga and Rusinga. The tsetse fly catches from the treatments were modeled using a negative binomial regression to determine their effect on catches. In the presence of WRC and 4-methylguaiacol (released at ≈2 mg/h and ≈1.4 mg/h respectively), catches of G . f . fuscipes were significantly reduced by 33% ( P <0.001) and 22% ( P <0.001) respectively in biconical traps relative to control. On sticky small targets the reduction in fly catches were approximately 30% ( P <0.001) for both 4-methylguiacol and WRC. In subtractive assays, only removal of geranylacetone from WRC significantly increased catches (by 1.8 times; P <0.001) compared to the complete blend of WRC. Conclusions/Significance We conclude that WRC and 4-methylguaiacol reduce catches of G . f . fuscipes at stationary visually attractive traps and suggest that they may serve as broad spectrum repellents for Glossina species. We recommend further studies to investigate the effects of these compounds on reduction of G . f . fuscipes attracted to human hosts as this may lead to development of new strategies of reducing the prevalence and incidence of sleeping sickness.

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Sticky small target: an effective sampling tool for tsetse fly Glossina fuscipes fuscipes Newstead, 1910

Cited by 7 publications

References 27 publications

A novel vehicle-mounted sticky trap; an effective sampling tool for savannah tsetse flies Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and Glossina morsitans centralis Machado

A novel vehicle-mounted sticky trap; an effective sampling tool for savannah tsetse flies Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and Glossina morsitans centralis Machado

Genetic Differentiation of Glossina pallidipes Tsetse Flies in Southern Kenya

Responses of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes to visually attractive stationary devices baited with 4-methylguaiacol and certain repellent compounds in waterbuck odour

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