Stereotype Threat Undermines Intellectual Performance by Triggering a Disruptive Mental Load

Croizet, Jean-Claude; Desprès, Gérard; Gauzins, Marie-Eve; Huguet, Pascal; Leyens, Jacques‐Philippe; Méot, Alain

doi:10.1177/0146167204263961

Cited by 245 publications

(209 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…It may be that ecstasy users arrived at the laboratory with the expectation that they would perform worse on the cognitive measures that were to be administered and that this expectation became a self-fulfilling prophecy. Croizet et al (2004) have shown that stereotype threat can cause groups to under-perform when they believe that the measures assessed are associated with group-related deficits.…”

Section: Design and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Reasoning deficits in ecstasy (MDMA) polydrug users

et al. 2005

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2 ABSTRACT.Objectives. Previous research has shown that ecstasy users are impaired in thinking and reasoning. The present study sought to explore the possibility that syllogistic reasoning errors in ecstasy users were due to an inability to construct a model of the premises due to working memory limitations. Methods. Twenty-nine ecstasy users and 25 non-ecstasy user controls completed syllogistic reasoning problems varying in difficulty. Results. On the easier problems both groups performed at well above chance although nonusers achieved significantly more correct responses. Consistent with existing research, on the more difficult problems, errors by nonusers were characterised by incorrect conclusions suggesting that while nonusers have the working memory capacity to construct a single model of the premises, this is not an exhaustive representation and usually results in an erroneous conclusion. On the other hand for all problem types ecstasy users, rather than produce incorrect responses, were more likely to fail to generate a conclusion. Conclusions. The present results are consistent with the possibility that ecstasy users with their reduced working memory capacity may experience difficulty in constructing even a single model of the premises. While this might be attributable to the effects of MDMA neurotoxicty, many of the ecstasy users in the present study were polydrug users. Thus the possibility that other drugs including cannabis and cocaine might contribute to the present results cannot be excluded.

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Section: Design and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Reasoning deficits in ecstasy (MDMA) polydrug users

et al. 2005

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“…Croizet, Després, Gauzins, Huguet, Leyens, & Méot, 2004). Hausmann et al (2009) established stereotype lift for men completing a mental rotation task, although no corresponding stereotype threat was found for women.…”

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confidence: 92%

Gender-Based Navigation Stereotype Improves Men’s Search for a Hidden Goal

et al. 2012

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. (2012) 'Gender-based navigation stereotype improves men's search for a hidden goal.', Sex roles., 67 (11)(12). pp. 682-695. Further information on publisher's website:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-012- Publisher's copyright statement:The original publication is available at www.springerlink.com Additional information: Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. AbstractWhile a general stereotype exists that men are better at navigating than women, experimental evidence indicates that men and women differ in their use of spatial strategies, and this preference determines gender-differences. When both environmental geometry and landmark cues are available, men appear to learn to navigate using both types of cues, while women show a preference for using landmarks. Using a computer-generated task, 80undergraduate students from North-East England learned to navigate to a hidden goal.Activating the general navigation stereotype improved the performance of men, compared to the control condition, both when only geometric cues and only landmark cues were present (stereotype lift), suggesting that activating a general stereotype can affect tasks both with (geometry) and without (landmark) established gender-differences in preference. In addition, in the test trial (hidden goal removed) women who learned to navigate using only landmarks spent longer in the correct location of the hidden goal than those who learned to navigate using only geometry. In contrast, the opposite result was found for men, suggesting that when only one cue-type is available, gender-differences still occur, with women better able to navigate using landmarks than geometry, while men seemed to learn more about the location of the goal with reference to geometric than landmark cues.

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“…But participants engaging in deeper strategic reasoning might have stereotypes on the random behavior of males and females which depart from that assumption. 19 Answers were free-text, so we coded them in four options, "Males", "Females", "No di¤erence" and "Don't know". Responses display a medium to strong correlation across questions (Contingency coe¢ cient, 0:443; Cramér's V, 0:349): This implies that participants seemed to understand the basics of the game and associated a better performance with lower responses.…”

Section: Beliefs and Stereotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Differences and Stereotypes in Strategic Thinking

Cubel

Sánchez‐Pagés

2016

SSRN Journal

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Recent literature has emphasized that individuals display varying levels of strategic reasoning. This paper presents ten years worth of experimental data from two countries exploring the existence and endogeneity of gender differences in strategic sophistication. We report results from two experimental studies employing the beauty contest game, one from the classroom and one from the laboratory. We observe robust and signi…cant gender differences in strategic sophistication in favour of men in zerostake situations. These differences disappear when a monetary prize is awarded. We also …find that depth of strategic reasoning varies with gender priming. Females display signi…cantly higher levels of strategic sophistication than males when gender is made salient. This effect of gender priming is driven by females who believe women are superior in the game.JEL Codes: C72, C91, D81, J16.

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Stereotype Threat Undermines Intellectual Performance by Triggering a Disruptive Mental Load

Cited by 245 publications

References 42 publications

Reasoning deficits in ecstasy (MDMA) polydrug users

Reasoning deficits in ecstasy (MDMA) polydrug users

Gender-Based Navigation Stereotype Improves Men’s Search for a Hidden Goal

Gender Differences and Stereotypes in Strategic Thinking

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