Step tests of cardiorespiratory fitness suitable for mass testing.

Watkins, Jessica L.

doi:10.1136/bjsm.18.2.84

Cited by 25 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(23 reference statements)

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“…We acknowledged that performance in the step test is dependent on heart rate measurement39. It is likely that when performing under unfamiliar situations, participants may manifest a certain level of anxiety, resulting in a higher heart rate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of High Fasting Insulin and Insulin Resistance Among Overweight/Obese Adolescents

Ling

Mohamed

Jalaludin

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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Hyperinsulinaemia is the earliest subclinical metabolic abnormality, which precedes insulin resistance in obese children. An investigation was conducted on the potential predictors of fasting insulin and insulin resistance among overweight/obese adolescents in a developing Asian country. A total of 173 overweight/obese (BMI > 85th percentile) multi-ethnic Malaysian adolescents aged 13 were recruited from 23 randomly selected schools in this cross-sectional study. Waist circumference (WC), body fat percentage (BF%), physical fitness score (PFS), fasting glucose and fasting insulin were measured. Insulin resistance was calculated using homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Adjusted stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to predict fasting insulin and HOMA-IR. Covariates included pubertal stage, socioeconomic status, nutritional and physical activity scores. One-third of our adolescents were insulin resistant, with girls having significantly higher fasting insulin and HOMA-IR than boys. Gender, pubertal stage, BMI, WC and BF% had significant, positive moderate correlations with fasting insulin and HOMA-IR while PFS was inversely correlated (p < 0.05). Fasting insulin was primarily predicted by gender-girls (Beta = 0.305, p < 0.0001), higher BMI (Beta = −0.254, p = 0.02) and greater WC (Beta = 0.242, p = 0.03). This study demonstrated that gender, BMI and WC are simple predictors of fasting insulin and insulin resistance in overweight/obese adolescents.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of High Fasting Insulin and Insulin Resistance Among Overweight/Obese Adolescents

Ling

Mohamed

Jalaludin

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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“…Cardiorespiratory fitness, body weight and body fat percentage have been shown to be useful indicators of the risk level for cardiovascular diseases (6). However, direct measurement of an individuals' V0 2max requires sophisticated laboratory procedures and depends on the willingnessof the individual to exercise to the point of exhaustion (7). Since laboratory facilities are not always available and maximal effort may be a health risk for some individuals, direct measurement is impractical for assessing the cardiorespiratory fitness of a large unscreened population, e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CHFT and it's modifications have been used in Canadian population studies (14). The Step test's suitability for mass testing was studied by Watkins (7). He asserts that submaximal single-stage tests (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feasibility of a 2-km walking test for fitness assessment in a population study

Laukkanen

Oja

Ojala

et al. 1992

Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine

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A simple 2-km Walking Test has been developed for determining the cardiorespiratory fitness of healthy adults. In the present study the following aspects of the feasibility of this test for population assessment were investigated: participation willingness, the percentage of test qualified subjects, the percentage of acceptable test performances and the resources needed for field test administration. A representative sample was drawn from the 27 to 65-year-old population in a rural municipality in northeastern Finland. Subjects were recruited on the basis of the results of health questionnaires and interviews. One fourth of the volunteers were excluded from the test because of health problems. The 2-km walking tests were administered outdoors in the municipality center. More than 50% of the subjects successfully completed two consecutive walking tests. This study indicated that the 2-km Walking Test is a feasible alternative as a measure of cardiovascular fitness for large population groups and could potentially be used in exercise related health promotion programmes.

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“…Although step tests developed after the Harvard Step Test have been widely used to assess cardiorespiratory fitness [13] [14] [15] [16], they all suffer from similar shortcomings. They require a pre-set cadence that is inappropriate for subjects who are older or impaired, and/or their step height-ranging from 13" -18" [16]-is too difficult for patients who are short or have neuromuscular or skeletal problems.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They require a pre-set cadence that is inappropriate for subjects who are older or impaired, and/or their step height-ranging from 13" -18" [16]-is too difficult for patients who are short or have neuromuscular or skeletal problems. As one typical example, Shephard et al [15] developed the Canadian Home Fitness Test, a self-administered step test that requires subjects to step at an age-and sex-specific rhythm using a series of two 8" steps (16" total height) because that is typical of what is found in most North American homes [17].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of a 2 Minute Step Test for Assessing Functional Improvement

Haas¹,

Sweeney²,

Pierre³

et al. 2017

OJTR

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Introduction: Although many cardiopulmonary patients require home care services, the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) is unusable in most dwellings for objectively evaluating exercise capacity because it requires a 20 -30 meter hallway. To meet this need, we developed a 2-minute step test (2MST): stepping up and down an 8 inch step for 2 minutes (1 step = bilateral step up + step down). Purpose: Evaluate the statistical validity, reproducibility, and sensitivity of the 2MST in assessing exercise capacity. Method: We compared the heart rate, oxygen saturation and perceived exertion obtained during performance of 2MST with those obtained during the 6MWT. Results: Comparing 2MST and 6MWT in 158 subjects for validity, r = 0.925 (P < 0.0001). They were statistically equivalent in heart rate (98 ± 4 and 94 ± 4 bpm), oxygen saturation (96 ± 0.5 and 95 ± 0.6%), rating of perceived exertion (14.6 ± 0.4 and 13.4 ± 0.4), and blood pressure (130 ± 4/62 ± 3 and 128 ± 3/62 ± 2 mmHg), (mean ± SE, 2MST and 6MWT, respectively). Reproducibility revealed small learning effects: 8% and 5% for the 2MST and 6MWT, respectively (P < 0.001). Sensitivity of the 2MST was high, based both on the number of steps achieved by inpatients (27 ± 13 steps, mean ± SD), outpatients (48 ± 14 steps), and healthy subjects (64 ± 18 steps) (P < 0.001), and by the outpatients before (36 ± 11 steps) and after (42 ± 14 steps) rehabilitation (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The 2MST is valid, reproducible, sensitive, safe, well-tolerated, and is a suitable substitute for the 6MWT.

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Step tests of cardiorespiratory fitness suitable for mass testing.

Cited by 25 publications

References 16 publications

Determinants of High Fasting Insulin and Insulin Resistance Among Overweight/Obese Adolescents

Determinants of High Fasting Insulin and Insulin Resistance Among Overweight/Obese Adolescents

Feasibility of a 2-km walking test for fitness assessment in a population study

Validation of a 2 Minute Step Test for Assessing Functional Improvement

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