Stem cells: past, present, and future

Abstract

In recent years, stem cell therapy has become a very promising and advanced scientific research topic. The development of treatment methods has evoked great expectations. This paper is a review focused on the discovery of different stem cells and the potential therapies based on these cells. The genesis of stem cells is followed by laboratory steps of controlled stem cell culturing and derivation. Quality control and teratoma formation assays are important procedures in assessing the properties of the stem cells tested. Derivation methods and the utilization of culturing media are crucial to set proper environmental conditions for controlled differentiation. Among many types of stem tissue applications, the use of graphene scaffolds and the potential of extracellular vesicle-based therapies require attention due to their versatility. The review is summarized by challenges that stem cell therapy must overcome to be accepted worldwide. A wide variety of possibilities makes this cutting edge therapy a turning point in modern medicine, providing hope for untreatable diseases.

The Making of a Competent Oocyte – A Review of Oocyte Development and Its Regulation

“…Studies have shown that oocyte health of heavy lactating dairy cattle is negatively affected contributing to the associated reproductive failure in the dairy cattle industry (Poirier et al, 2020). Also, oocyte reprogramming potential is crucial to the success of regenerative medicine (Zakrzewski et al, 2019). Hence, deeper understanding and research on oocyte development and its regulation is essential.…”

Stem cell therapy in pain medicine

“…The differentiation ability of stem cells can be labeled with terms such as totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent [17]. Totipotent stem cells can differentiate into any form of cells and even build organs.…”

“…The plasticity of differentiation refers to the ability to differentiate into various types of cells, which is sometimes influenced by the surrounding tissue environment. Pluripotent embryonic stem cells and iPSCs are excellent in their ability to reproduce and differentiate into various tissues, while multipotent adult stem cells can have a limited ability of reproduction or differentiation compared to embryonic stem cells or iPSCs [17][18][19]…”

“…On the other hand, 247 adult stem cells and iPSCs would be free from these ethical issues. Embryonic stem cells and iPSCs, however, are more likely to differentiate into undesired tissues such as teratoma or cancer than the adult stem cells are [17].…”

The Role of Stem Cells in Obstetrics and Gynecology

“…Adult stem cells can be obtained from various sources such as bone marrow, blood, fats and also readily available from gestational tissues such as umbilical cord, amnion and placenta. [1][2][3] Research on stem cells such as in vitro, using an animal as disease's model and also clinical trial to human is currently undergone for therapeutic purposes for many diseases. To date, most of the stem cells therapy is in the form of clinical research not commercially available yet for patients, unless for some indications with hematopoietic stem cells.…”