Stem cell and skin rejuvenation

Abstract

Stem cell-based therapies have been widely used for their abilities to repair and regenerate different types of tissues and organs in cosmetic and plastic surgeries. It involves the clinical application of different types of stem cells. Different stem cells have been reported to be applicable in different areas of cosmetic surgeries like face lipoatrophy, skin rejuvenation, breast enhancement, and body contouring. However, adipose-derived stem cells remain the most widely used by cosmetic surgeons as they have the potential and capability to differentiate into mesenchymal, ectodermal, and endodermal lineages and are easily accessible to harvest. The purpose of this review is to summarize available applications of stem in cosmetic and plastic surgeries.

Hopes and Limits of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells (ADSCs) and Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) in Wound Healing

“…Additionally, they acquire the capacity to form a stratified structure, as observed in normal skin [124]. The healing improvement has also been reported when using stimulated ADSCs with GDF11 or when using ADSCs-conditioned media containing GDF11 [26,125]. Healing also appeared to be dependent on the number of ADSCs present or administered on burnt skin [78].…”

“…The involvement of MSCs and DF are essential for the cascade of the factors related to skin regeneration and reflected the importance of sirtuins and SMAD pathways [122,123]. Other significant involvement is that ADSCs differentiate into DF and this differentiation appeared to be improved, thus accelerating granulation tissue formation, leading to re-epithelialization [15,26,38,94]. When cultured in the presence of EGF and high Ca2+ level, ADSCs differentiate into keratinocyte-like cells presenting keratinocyte markers such as involucrin, cytokeratin-5, cytokeratin-10, fillagrin, and stratifin.…”

“…There is evidence suggesting the superiority of ADSCs in improving and increasing dermal thickness and in reducing wrinkles, which is more likely by inducing paracrine DF and angiogenesis [20,26,128]. Administrated intradermally to aged skin, skin texture and wrinkles, as well as dermal thickness, were found to have improved eight weeks after treatment [129].…”

“…Additionally, ADSCs might be influenced in their ability to regenerate the injured tissue. In skin aging, these cells are expected to reduce their proliferation while their differentiation ability remains conserved, with a decrease of ECM secretion and an increase of cell apoptosis and accumulation of senescent cells [25,26]. Senescent cells secrete a specific senescent secretome [27], resulting in an increase in aging-associated cell symptoms that are morphologically apparent by the loss of skin elasticity, thickness, and increasing wrinkles [28].…”

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“…These include improving facial appearance, hair growth, traumatic joint damage, rheumatoid and osteoarthritis, spinal cord injuries, acute burns, autoimmune diseases, autism, pain syndromes, neurodegenerative illnesses, and cancer. [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] Even relatively simple procedures are typically priced in excess of $10,000, with no current coverage by medical insurance. Unfortunately, such commercial gains have dulled much of the critical reasoning regarding the use of stem cells and have raised questions regarding the objective assessments of clinical outcomes.…”