Status of Bovine Tuberculosis in Ethiopia: Challenges and Opportunities for Future Control and Prevention

Areda, Demelash B.; Muwonge, Adrian; Dibaba, Asseged B.

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-18690-6_14

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Despite being a disease of economic and zoonotic importance, control measures for bTB are non-existent in Ethiopia and most other LMICs ( 4 , 7 ). Earlier efforts to control bTB in a government farm in Ethiopia showed that upon repeated skin testing and segregation of skin test positive animals, the prevalence of bTB could be dramatically reduced from 48 to 1% in a dairy cattle herd ( 15 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The report indicated that bTB is highly prevalent in intensive and semi-intensive dairy farms in the country. However, so far there is no national bTB control strategy in Ethiopia, hence, this situation favors the unregulated movement of bTB-infected cattle and further spread of infection ( 7 ). Moreover, given the increased emphasis placed on expansion of intensive dairy farms with genetically improved dairy cattle to meet economic demands and nutritional requirements, the prevalence of bTB is only likely to worsen in the coming years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Utility of the Intradermal Skin Test in a Test-and-Cull Approach to Control Bovine Tuberculosis: A Pilot Study in Ethiopia

et al. 2022

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Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is one of the top three, high-priority, livestock diseases in Ethiopia and hence, the need for evaluation of potential control strategies is critical. Here, we applied the test-and-segregate followed by cull strategy for the control of bTB in the intensive Alage dairy farm in Ethiopia. All cattle reared on this farm were repeatedly skin tested using the Comparative Cervical Tuberculin (CCT) test for a total of five times between 2015 and 2021. During the first (October 2015) and second (March 2017) rounds of testing, all reactor animals (>4 mm) were culled, while those that were deemed as inconclusive (1–4 mm) were segregated and retested. At retest, animals with CCT >2 mm were removed from the herd. In the third (December 2017) and fourth (June 2018) rounds of tuberculin testing, a more stringent approach was taken wherein all reactors per the severe mode of CCT test interpretation (>2 mm) were culled. A final herd status check was performed in May 2021. In summary, the number of CCT positives (>4 mm) in the farm dropped from 23.1% (31/134) in October 2015 to 0% in December 2017 and remained 0% until May 2021. In contrast, the number of Single Cervical Tuberculin (SCT) test positives (≥4 mm) increased from 1.8 to 9.5% (from 2017 to 2021), indicating that CCT test might not be sufficient to effectively clear the herd of bTB. However, a more stringent approach would result in a drastic increase in the number of false positives. The total cost of the bTB control effort in this farm holding 134–200 cattle at any given time was conservatively estimated to be ~US$48,000. This, together with the need for culling an unacceptably high number of animals based on skin test status, makes the test-and-cull strategy impractical for nationwide implementation in Ethiopia and other low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where the infection is endemic. Hence, there is an increased emphasis on the need to explore alternate, affordable measures such as vaccination alongside accurate diagnostics to help control bTB in endemic settings.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Utility of the Intradermal Skin Test in a Test-and-Cull Approach to Control Bovine Tuberculosis: A Pilot Study in Ethiopia

et al. 2022

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“…BTB is reported to be prevalent in Ethiopia, with prevalence higher than 41% depending on husbandry practices, with pastoral settings showing lower frequency than intensive dairy farms [13]. Prevalence data on BTB infection in Somali region is scarce.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Bovine Tuberculosis in Cattle in Selected Districts of Fafan Pastoral Settings, Eastern Ethiopia

Hussein

Musse

2023

Preprint

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Cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2021 to August 2022, to investigate the prevalence and associated risk factors of bovine tuberculosis in cattle in selected districts of Fafan zone. The prevalence was 11.24% (95% CI, 8.61-14.35) and 43.3% (95% CI, 33.27-53.75) at individual and herd level respectively. There were statistically significant differences in proportions of positive reactor animals among body condition score (χ2 = 47.9, P = 0.000), Age (χ2 =6.0937, P=0.048), Seasonal migration (χ2=4.320, P=0.038), parity number (χ2 = 10.62, P = 0.005), reproductive status (χ2 = 4.36, P = 0.037). Animals with poor body condition scores had a significantly higher likelihood of testing positive, with their odds being 11.4 times greater (COR=11.408, CI=3.43-37.94, P<0.001). Conversely, a good body condition score was linked to a decreased risk of infection. In multivariate logistic regression poor body condition score remained significantly associated with the odds of reacting positive for tuberculosis (AOR=0.137, CI=0.053-0.356, P<0.001). Similarly, the analysis showed that seasonal migration (AOR=2.935, CI=1.152-7.481, P=0.024), and parity number (AOR=11.91, CI=1.828-77.62, P=0.010), were significant predictors of bovine tuberculosis infection in cattle. According to questionnaire, 14.2% (17 of 120) and 13.3% (16 of 120) of the respondents were knowledgeable about bovine tuberculosis and its transmission from animal to human and vice versa, respectively. The general judgment of herders' understanding of bovine tuberculosis transmission methods to humans was very low. Study findings show high prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in the study area, emphasizing the need for an effective control strategy.

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“…Due to the significant impact this disease can have on public health and international trade of cattle and their byproducts, programs for the control and eradication of bTB have been implemented in many countries. In developed countries, significant success has been achieved, but wildlife reservoirs have challenged total eradication ( 5 , 6 ); in least-developed or developing countries, however, the lack of economic compensation for culled animals due to test and slaughter strategies, or the absence of such strategies, complicates control ( 7 , 8 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole Genome Sequencing Links Mycobacterium bovis From Cattle, Cheese and Humans in Baja California, Mexico

et al. 2021

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Mycobacterium bovis causes tuberculosis (TB) in cattle, which in turn can transmit the pathogen to humans. Tuberculosis in dairy cattle is of particular concern where the consumption of raw milk and dairy products is customary. Baja California (BCA), Mexico, presents high prevalence of TB in both cattle and humans, making it important to investigate the molecular epidemiology of the disease in the region. A long-term study was undertaken to fully characterize the diversity of M. bovis genotypes circulating in dairy cattle, cheese and humans in BCA by whole-genome sequencing (WGS). During a 2-year period, 412 granulomatous tissue samples were collected from local abattoirs and 314 cheese samples were purchased from local stores and vendors in BCA and sent to the laboratory for mycobacterial culture, histology, direct PCR and WGS. For tissue samples M. bovis was recovered from 86.8%, direct PCR detected 90% and histology confirmed 85.9% as mycobacteriosis-compatible. For cheese, M. bovis was recovered from 2.5% and direct PCR detected 6% of the samples. There was good agreement between diagnostic tests. Subsequently, a total of 345 whole-genome SNP sequences were obtained. Phylogenetic analysis grouped these isolates into 10 major clades. SNP analysis revealed putative transmission clusters where the pairwise SNP distance between isolates from different dairies was ≤3 SNP. Also, human and/or cheese isolates were within 8.45 (range 0–17) and 5.8 SNP (range 0–15), respectively, from cattle isolates. Finally, a comparison between the genotypes obtained in this study and those reported previously suggests that the genetic diversity of M. bovis in BCA is well-characterized, and can be used to determine if BCA is the likely source of M. bovis in humans and cattle in routine epidemiologic investigations and future studies. In conclusion, WGS provided evidence of ongoing local transmission of M. bovis among the dairies in this high-TB burden region of BCA, as well as show close relationships between isolates recovered from humans, cheese, and cattle. This confirms the need for a coordinated One Health approach in addressing the elimination of TB in animals and humans. Overall, the study contributes to the knowledge of the molecular epidemiology of M. bovis in BCA, providing insight into the pathogen's dynamics in a high prevalence setting.

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Status of Bovine Tuberculosis in Ethiopia: Challenges and Opportunities for Future Control and Prevention

Cited by 4 publications

References 31 publications

Utility of the Intradermal Skin Test in a Test-and-Cull Approach to Control Bovine Tuberculosis: A Pilot Study in Ethiopia

Utility of the Intradermal Skin Test in a Test-and-Cull Approach to Control Bovine Tuberculosis: A Pilot Study in Ethiopia

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Bovine Tuberculosis in Cattle in Selected Districts of Fafan Pastoral Settings, Eastern Ethiopia

Whole Genome Sequencing Links Mycobacterium bovis From Cattle, Cheese and Humans in Baja California, Mexico

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