Status and Use of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) in Toxicity Testing

The native liver as inspiration to create superior in vitro hepatic models

“…17 Another cell source comprises stem cells, which can be embryonic, 18 adult 19 or induced pluripotent. 20 After expansion, these cells are differentiated into hepatocyte-like cells using different growth factors and media combinations. A summary of the different cell types is provided in Table 2.…”

Novel strategies for risk assessment of pyrrolizidine alkaloids

“…tissues may lead to a compromised experimental result (Shimada et al, 1994;Zuo et al, 2017). For better understanding of human liver function using in vitro models and to overcome the disadvantage of using primary human hepatocytes, new cell culture technologies such as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) (Wong et al, 2018), 3D cell culture systems (Bell et al, 2016), 3D-bioreactor technology (Knöspel et al, 2016) and organ-on-a-chip devices (Kimura et al, 2018) can be considered, although it remains to be established whether CYP levels in these models will adequately support PA bioactivation.…”

ProteomeXchange dataset

“…When using immortalized or primary cell cultures as surrogates for their in vivo counterparts it is important to adequately characterize each model system before being able to make reliable biological inferences. Currently used liver models which include; primary human hepatocytes (PHH), transformed hepatocytes (HepG2, Huh7, and HepaRG), and hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) derived from embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cells, are both genotypically and phenotypically distinct due to their various origins [213][214][215]. Each liver model has unique limitations, including the high cost and inter-donor variability of PHH [216], the lack of clinically relevant biotransformation capacity and strong cancer signatures of HepG2 cells [217], or the immature and variable hepatic phenotype associated with HLCs [218,219].…”