Statistics and topological changes in 2D foam from the dry to the wet limit

Complexity and self-organized criticality in liquid foams. A short review

“…The liquid flow induces movements of the bubbles: the large ones go up and the small ones go down. The small bubbles move irregularly; that is, small arrays of bubbles move down in an avalanche-like way with moments of activity when they descend several centimeters, separated by periods where they stay at the same column height for about 20 s. Dunne et al [ 73 ] studied by computer simulation (using PLAT software) the occurrence of these topological changes but in 2D foams, as a function of the liquid fraction. They found that the histograms of the frequency of occurrence of the avalanches are well fitted with exponentials, contradicting the SOC scenario for which power laws are expected.…”

Implementation of Morse–Witten theory for a polydisperse wet 2D foam simulation

“…We have run tests of the above scheme for systems of up to 200 bubbles (the run time of the program scales quadratically with the number of bubbles), in a square box with periodic boundary conditions. The computations converged satisfactorily for liquid fraction exceeding around φ = 0.12, a liquid fraction where at least 80% of the Plat simulations fail [11]. We have not identified the reason for non-convergence beyond that point, but it is hardly surprising in a nonlinear problem of this kind, and may be rectified in due course.…”

“…Relatively dry (less than 10% liquid) 2D foam has been successfully simulated in the past with the Plat software [7][8][9][10][11][12]. It is not based on an energy minimisation routine, but instead directly implements local equilibrium for a wet 2D foam.…”

Bubble-bubble interactions in a 2d foam, close to the wet limit

“…In a further paper, initial results of simulations of extended 2d foams, based on the interactions derived above, will be presented and compared in detail with the results of the software PLAT [5][6][7]27]. These will indicate the range of validity of this formulation, which should extend beyond the immediate vicinity of the wet limit, for many purposes.…”