Statistically Optimized Production of Saccharides Stabilized Silver Nanoparticles Using Liquid–Plasma Reduction Approach for Antibacterial Treatment of Water

Abstract

Various conventional approaches have been reported for the synthesis of nanomaterials without optimizing the role of synthesis parameters. The unoptimized studies not only raise the process cost but also complicate the physicochemical characteristics of the nanostructures. The liquid–plasma reduction with optimized synthesis parameters is an environmentally friendly and low-cost technique for the synthesis of a range of nanomaterials. This work is focused on the statistically optimized production of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by using a liquid–plasma reduction process sustained with an argon plasma jet. A simplex centroid design (SCD) was made in Minitab statistical package to optimize the combined effect of stabilizers on the structural growth and UV absorbance of AgNPs. Different combinations of glucose, fructose, sucrose and lactose stabilizers were tested at five different levels (−2, −1, 0, 1, 2) in SCD. The effect of individual and mixed stabilizers on AgNPs growth parameters was assumed significant when p-value in SCD is less than 0.05. A surface plasmon resonance band was fixed at 302 nm after SCD optimization of UV results. A bond stretching at 1633 cm−1 in FTIR spectra was assigned to C=O, which slightly shifts towards a larger wavelength in the presence of saccharides in the solution. The presence of FCC structured AgNPs with an average size of 15 nm was confirmed from XRD and EDX spectra under optimized conditions. The antibacterial activity of these nanoparticles was checked against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli strains by adopting the shake flask method. The antibacterial study revealed the slightly better performance of AgNPs against Staph. aureus strain than Escherichia coli.

Non-Thermal Plasma Reduction of Ag+ Ions into Silver Nanoparticles in Open Atmosphere under Statistically Optimized Conditions for Biological and Photocatalytic Applications

“…This indicates the formation of pure AgNPs without any impurity phase. These findings agree with the published literature on the plasma synthesis of AgNPs [ 17 , 37 ]. The average size of plasma-reduced AgNPs was calculated by Debye–Scherrer’s Equation (4): where D is the average crystallite size, W is the full width at half maximum (FWHM), is the diffraction angle, and λ is the X-ray wavelength (0.1541 nm).…”

“…It was based on the analysis of the normal residual graphs for each of the response variables shown in Figure 3 .The fitness of the model was checked by calculating the coefficient of determination (R 2 ). A correlation coefficient R 2 ~ 1 value indicates a strong synergistic effect [ 17 ]. The observed and predicted R 2 -values of 0.96646 show that the response has (96.64%) variability.…”

“…The most common of the synthesis methods mentioned above are chemical methods [ 16 ], but these approaches require the introduction of harmful and toxic chemical reducing agents during experiments, which lead to environmental pollution. Plasma reduction is a process in which plasma produces ions, electrons, metastables, charged species, oxidizing species, H 2 O 2 , atomic oxygen, O 3 , OH radical, and UV-radiations, which reduce the metal salts along with stabilizing agents to produce AgNPs of specific sizes [ 17 ]. This synthesis technique is eco-friendly and easy to perform compared to other known techniques.…”

Biosynthesis of Bt-Ag2O nanoparticles using Bacillus thuringiensis and their pesticidal and antimicrobial activities

“…Among these NPs, Ag 2 O NPs have recently attracted more attention for application in the fields of sensors, photocatalysts, photovoltaic cells, fuel cells, diagnostic biological probes, optical storage media, food packaging, etc., due to their strong photocatalytic activity, broad-spectrum bacteriostatic activity, ability to absorb light, and oxidation activity (Danish et al 2022 ; Patel and Joshi 2023 ; Shaaban et al 2023 ; Wang and Gu 2009 ). The production of silver-related nanomaterials is expected to increase from 360–450 tons in current years to 825 tons per year by 2025 (Altaf et al 2021 ).…”

Concurrent Synthesis and Immobilization of Ag Nanoparticles over TiO2 via Plasma Reduction for Photocatalytic Treatment of Methyl Blue in Water

“…Due to its numerous adverse effects and carcinogenic nature, organic pollutant-based pollution is particularly damaging to living creatures [1]. Organic dyes are widely employed in a variety of sectors, including textiles, leather, and paper, and have negative consequences for human health and the environment, such as increased toxicity, unpleasant smells, chemical oxygen demand, and changes in water quality [2].…”