Statistical Tools and Methodologies for URLLC- A Tutorial

Abstract

<p>Ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) constitutes a key service class of the fifth generation and beyond cellular networks. Notably, designing and supporting URLLC poses a herculean task due to the fundamental need of identifying and accurately characterizing the underlying statistical models in which the system operates, e.g., interference statistics, channel conditions, and the behavior of protocols. In general, multi-layer end-to-end approaches considering all the potential delay and error sources and proper statistical tools and methodologies are inevitably required for providing strong reliability and latency guarantees. This paper contributes to the body of knowledge in the latter aspect by providing a tutorial on several statistical tools and methodologies that are useful for designing and analyzing URLLC systems. Specifically, we overview the frameworks related to i) reliability theory, ii) short packet communications, iii) inequalities, distribution bounds, tail approximations, and risk-assessment tools, iv) rare events simulation, v) large-scale tools such as stochastic geometry, clustering, compressed sensing, and mean-field games, vi) queuing theory and information freshness, and vii) machine learning. Throughout the paper, we briefly review the state-of-the-art works using the addressed tools and methodologies, and their link to URLLC systems. Moreover, we discuss novel application examples focused on physical and medium access control layers. Finally, key research challenges and directions are highlighted to elucidate how URLLC analysis/design research may evolve in the coming years.</p>

Human and Small Animal Detection Using Multiple Millimeter-Wave Radars and Data Fusion: Enabling Safe Applications

“…A relevant application of simultaneous detection of humans and small animals is in autonomous vehicles. Moreover, another essential application of human and small animal detection is in the domain of wireless power transfer [36], ensuring safety in settings that involve wireless charging for electronic devices located in areas with the frequent presence of animals, the latter being the case with a modern living room, as illustrated in Figure 1. The appeal of wireless power transfer lies in its various benefits [37].…”

“…Additionally, a contactless solution proves more reliable, sidestepping issues like corrosion, dust intrusion, and moisture exposure [37]. To address potential health risks associated with electromagnetic fields, the wireless charging system can be intelligently deactivated upon detecting the presence of humans or animals in the environment [36].…”

“…Therefore, for the sake of brevity, it is omitted here): An ideal system should exhibit high sensitivity and high precision [18], but that is a very challenging task. Moreover, in safety-related applications, such as those related to wireless energy transfer [36], sensitivity is more relevant than precision.…”