Over the past decade, bioprinting
has emerged as a promising patterning
strategy to organize cells and extracellular components both in two
and three dimensions (2D and 3D) to engineer functional tissue mimicking
constructs. So far, tissue printing has neither been used for 3D patterning
of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in multiphase growth factor embedded
3D hydrogels nor been investigated phenotypically in terms of simultaneous
differentiation into different cell types within the same micropatterned
3D tissue constructs. Accordingly, we demonstrated a biochemical gradient
by bioprinting nanoliter droplets encapsulating human MSCs, bone morphogenetic
protein 2 (BMP-2), and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF- β1),
engineering an anisotropic biomimetic fibrocartilage microenvironment.
Assessment of the model tissue construct displayed multiphasic anisotropy
of the incorporated biochemical factors after patterning. Quantitative
real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) results suggested genomic
expression patterns leading to simultaneous differentiation of MSC
populations into osteogenic and chondrogenic phenotype within the
multiphasic construct, evidenced by upregulation of osteogenesis and
condrogenesis related genes during in vitro culture.
Comprehensive phenotypic network and pathway analysis results, which
were based on genomic expression data, indicated activation of differentiation
related mechanisms, via signaling pathways, including TGF, BMP, and
vascular endothelial growth factor.