Statistical learning modulates the direction of the first head movement in a large-scale search task

Won, Bo-Yeong; Lee, Hyejin J.; Jiang, Yuhong

doi:10.3758/s13414-015-0957-7

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…First, one experiment did find some evidence of using an allocentric probabilistic cue 55 , specifically when a portion of the space was also cued with a different colour. Second, another found positive results in a large-scale environment when participants started from the same place but in random directions on each trial 58 . It is arguable whether this represents the use of an allocentric frame, since it still allows the same view of the space after turning.…”

Section: Closely Related Studies and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Difficulty of Effectively Using Allocentric Prior Information in a Spatial Recall Task

Negen

Bird

King

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Prior information represents the long-term statistical structure of an environment. For example, colds develop more often than throat cancer, making the former a more likely diagnosis for a sore throat. There is ample evidence for effective use of prior information during a variety of perceptual tasks, including the ability to recall locations using an egocentric (self-based) frame. However, it is not yet known if people can use prior information effectively when using an allocentric (world-based) frame. Forty-eight adults were shown sixty sets of three target locations in a sparse virtual environment with three beacons. The targets were drawn from one of four prior distributions. They were then asked to point to the targets after a delay and a change in perspective. While searches were biased towards the beacons, we did not find any evidence that participants successfully exploited the prior distributions of targets. These results suggest that allocentric reasoning does not conform to normative Bayesian models: we saw no evidence for use of priors in our cognitively-complex (allocentric) task, unlike in previous, simpler (egocentric) recall tasks. It is possible that this reflects the high biological cost of processing precise allocentric information.

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Section: Closely Related Studies and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Difficulty of Effectively Using Allocentric Prior Information in a Spatial Recall Task

Negen

Bird

King

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…A significant RT advantage toward the high-probability quadrant emerged in the first biased block, but this effect did not reach significance until the third unbiased block. Previous studies using the two-phase design, wherein a long training phase is followed by a testing phase, have reported significant probability cuing in the first training (biased) block (e.g., Won, Lee, & Jiang, 2015). However, this RT advantage most likely reflects location repetition priming (Walthew & Gilchrist, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it remains unclear whether location probability learning is gradually acquired like other habits (Graybiel, 2008; Seger & Spiering, 2011). Whereas most habits take many repetitions to form, the search advantage in high-probability locations emerges rapidly, sometimes becoming significant after a dozen trials (Won, Lee, & Jiang, 2015). Given the early onset, some researchers question whether participants acquire any statistical learning.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acquisition of habitual visual attention and transfer to related tasks

2017

Self Cite

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Extensive research has shown that statistical learning affects perception, attention, and action control; however, few studies have directly linked statistical learning with the formation of habits. Evidence that learning can induce a search habit has come from location probability learning, in which people prioritize locations frequently attended to in the past. Here, using an alternating training-testing procedure, we demonstrated that the initial attentional bias arises from short-term intertrial priming, whereas probability learning takes longer to emerge, first reaching significance in covert orienting (measured by reaction times) after about 48 training trials, and in overt orienting (measured by eye movements) after about 96 training trials. We further showed that location probability learning is persistent after training is discontinued, by transferring from a letter search task to a scene search task-emulating another characteristic feature of habits. By identifying the onset of probability learning and investigating its task specificity, this study provides evidence that probability cuing can induce habitual spatial attention.

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“…Instead, it was suggested that the fixed benefit in RT might reflect a facilitation that takes place only after the target is detected (Kunar et al, 2007). However, it is important to note that others have argued that learning in visual search does in fact influence attentional guidance (Chun & Jiang, 1998;Jiang, Won, & Swallow, 2014;Peterson & Kramer, 2001;Won, Lee, & Jiang, 2015), and the finding that CC does not interact with set-size may be the result of the increased difficulty to recognize the context in larger set-sizes (Makovski & Jiang, 2010). That is, given the premise that only a few close items are actually learned in CC (Brady & Chun, 2007;Olson & Chun, 2002), it is likely that it is more difficult to recognize the relevant pattern in more crowded displays, thereby cancelling out the attentional guidance benefit (Jiang, Makovski, & Shim, 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Learning “What” and “Where” in Visual Search

Makovski

2017

Jpn Psychol Res

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Visual search is facilitated when observers search through repeated displays. This effect, termed contextual cueing (CC), reflects the exceptional ability of our cognitive system to utilize regularities embedded in the environment. Recent studies that tested visual search with real-world objects found that CC takes place even in heterogeneous search displays, but only when the identities ("what") and locations ("where") of the objects are both repeated. The purpose of the current study was to test whether the repetition of both "what" and "where" is not only necessary but also sufficient for CC. Consistent with previous results, Experiment 1 found robust CC when both the "what" and "where" information were repeated, and further revealed that the effect was not modulated by the number of search items. In contrast, Experiment 2 showed that the repetition of both objects' identities and locations did not benefit the search when the two were not bound together. CC was also absent in Experiment 3, where the objects' identities and locations were repeated together, however, target locations varied randomly. Together these results suggest that CC with real-world objects is robust, but critically depends on "what" and "where" binding as well as context-target associations. Visual search is not only a task that we perform many times a day, but it is probably also one of the most popular tasks in the study of human visual cognition. Consequently, extensive research has been carried out in order to understand the mechanisms underlying people's search skills (Wolfe, 1998). Visual search has also been widely used as a tool for investigating central cognitive abilities, such as attention, memory, learning, and, notably, their interaction. For instance, many researchers have tested how search history (which naturally involves learning and memory) affects basic search processes, such as attentional guidance (Chun, 2000;Jiang, Swallow, & Rosenbaum, 2013;Maljkovic & Nakayama, 1994;Zhao, Al-Aidroos, & Turk-Browne, 2013). Thus, given the complexity of the task, the various skills involved in it, and its ecological and applied uses (Mitroff et al., 2015), it is no wonder that there are more than 300,000 results when searching for "visual search" in Google scholar.A key expertise of our cognitive system is picking up regularities embedded in the environment and utilizing them to more efficiently process visual scenes (Chun & Jiang, 1998Chun & Turk-Browne, 2008;Fiser & Aslin, 2001Miller, 1988;Nissen & Bullemer, 1987; Turk-Browne, Junge, & Scholl, *Correspondence concerning this article should be sent to: Tal Makovski, Department of Psychology, The Open University of Israel, The Dorothy de Rothschild Campus, 1 University Road, P. O. Box 808, Ra'anana 43107, Israel. (E-mail: talmak@openu.ac.il) 1 I wish to thank Ayelet Golestani for help in data collection and Ido Liviatan for helpful discussions.

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Statistical learning modulates the direction of the first head movement in a large-scale search task

Cited by 9 publications

References 31 publications

The Difficulty of Effectively Using Allocentric Prior Information in a Spatial Recall Task

The Difficulty of Effectively Using Allocentric Prior Information in a Spatial Recall Task

Acquisition of habitual visual attention and transfer to related tasks

Learning “What” and “Where” in Visual Search

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