Statistical evaluation of quality parameters of olive stone to predict its heating value

Influence of reaction conditions and feedstock on hydrochar properties

“…Both the raw material and hydrochar properties of wood, olive stone and grape marc were gathered from literatures [6,16,22,[29][30][31][32]. Table 1 presents the ash contents, HHVs, ultimate and composition analysis results of these raw materials.…”

Study of variables in energy densification of olive stone by hydrothermal carbonization

“…According to González et al [2] this residue is constituted by cellulose (30.8%), hemicellulose (17.1%) and lignine (32.6%). This lignocellulosic material is mainly used as solid biofuel to thermal power generation [3]. Several forms of pre-treatment can be considered in order to improve the physicochemical characteristics of lignocellulosic biomass for its subsequent combustion.…”

New techniques developed to quantify the impurities of olive stone as solid biofuel

“…Nowadays, drying methods are usually carried out by distribution companies to improve olive stone properties as biofuel before consumption. Olive stone is dried and cleaned (pulp and olive stones fines are removed from the biofuel) to obtain the greatest energy efficiency in combustion processes [14].…”

“…This oil presents a higher heating value but it causes troubles in combustion processes within domestic heating appliances, due to its chemical composition and low weight, resulting in uncontrolled combustions and emissions. In addition, residues and slags are generated by the pulp combustion, which has a high content in ash, nitrogen and sulfur [14]. Other problems with the olive stone residues is the size distribution of the particles.…”

“…In the biomass market, an important amount of olive stone not cleaned or dried properly are being commercialized and used, with the consequent adverse impact on combustion processes [14].…”