Statistical analysis of clinical risk factors for coronary artery spasm: Identification of the most important determinant

Relationship Between Serum Lipoprotein(a) Concentrations and Coronary Vasomotion in Coronary Spastic Angina

“…Among the many risk factors already established, smoking is the only primary one for coronary spasm, 14 and our present results show that a smoking history was more prevalent in patients with CSA than in the control group.…”

2011 ACCF/AHA Focused Update Incorporated Into the ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non–ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction

“…898 Compared with patients with chronic stable angina, patients with variant angina are younger and, except for smoking, have fewer coronary risk factors. 899,900 Some studies have shown an association of variant angina with other vasospastic disorders, such as migraine headache and Raynauds phenomenon. 901 The presence of syncope during an episode of chest pain suggests severe ischemia related to an acute occlusion, often due to focal spasm.…”

2012 ACCF/AHA Focused Update Incorporated Into the ACCF/AHA 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non–ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction

“…1042 Compared with patients with chronic stable angina, patients with variant angina are younger and, except for smoking, have fewer coronary risk factors. 1043,1044 Some studies have shown an association of variant angina with other vasospastic disorders, such as migraine headache and Raynaud's phenomenon. 1045 The presence of syncope during an episode of chest pain suggests severe ischemia related to an acute occlusion, often due to focal spasm.…”