Static (Isometric) Exercise and the Heart: Physiological and Clinical Considerations

Mitchell, Jere H.; Wildenthal, K.

doi:10.1146/annurev.me.25.020174.002101

Cited by 161 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…lifting or pushing heavy weights and contracting muscles against fixed objects in contrast to isotonic or dynamic exercise in which contraction of the skeletal muscle causes change in the length of muscle like running, swimming [11]. Isometric exercise may be of value in maintaining the desired blood pressure in individuals with inability or unwillingness to do isotonic exercises [12] .It has been The aim of the present study was to study the effect of isometric handgrip (IHG) exercise training on resting blood pressure in normal healthy volunteers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Isometric Handgrip Exercise Training on Resting Blood Pressure in Normal Healthy Adults

Garg

Malhotra

Kumar

et al. 2014

JCDR

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Isometric Handgrip Exercise Training on Resting Blood Pressure in Normal Healthy Adults

Garg

Malhotra

Kumar

et al. 2014

JCDR

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“…The static contraction of even a small mass of muscle causes a marked increase in the arterial pressure, with a relatively small increase in the heart rate and the cardiac output, thus primarily producing a pressure load on the heart [7][8]. A parental h/o hypertension increases the risk of developing hypertension [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Isometric Handgrip Exercise As a Test for Unmasking Hypertension in the Offsprings of Hypertensive Parents

Garg

Malhotra²,

Dhar³

et al. 2013

JCDR

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Background: A familial history of hypertension increases the risk of hypertension in the offsprings. Aims and objectives:The present study was undertaken to assess the underlying hypertension by using the Isometric Handgrip (IHG) exercise test in the offsprings of hypertensive parents and to compare it with age-matched controls of normotensive parents. Material and Methods:The isometric handgrip test was performed in the study and control groups. The resting blood pressure was recorded before exercise and afterwards the subjects were asked to perform the isometric handgrip exercise with the dominant hand for 2 minutes. Then the blood pressure was recorded in the sitting position during and 5 minutes after the completion of the exercise.Statistical Analysis: The analysis of the results was done by ANOVA with SPSS, version 17.0, by using the unpaired 't' test. Results:The results showed that the Resting Systolic (SBP), Diastolic (DBP) and the Mean (MBP) Blood Pressures were higher (p <0.001) in the offsprings of the hypertensive parents as compared to those in the control subjects of normotensive parents. During the isometric handgrip exercise test, the rise in the systolic, diastolic and the mean blood pressures was significantly higher (p<0.001) in the offsprings of the hypertensive parents. After 5 minutes of exercise, the SBP, DBP and the MBP were found to be significantly higher (p<0.001) in the study group as compared to those in the control group.Conclusions: An early and a regular screening of the children of hypertensive parents is necessary to prevent any future cardiovascular complications.

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“…However, the cardiovascular and ventilatory reactions following sustained isometric efforts seem to be somewhat different from those of dynamic work. 21 Moreover, since isometric contractions substantially enhance intramuscular pressure, 22 it seems conceivable that an increase in intramuscular pressure without contraction produces similar drives. 9 ' "• 16 These kinds of afferent signals appear to be transmitted by small group III or IV fibers.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…21 In this regard it is of interest that isometric contractions with multiple muscle groups exerted no additive effects. 21 However, that seems to be the case during dynamic work with multiple muscle groups, as shown in Table 1.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reflex inputs to the cardiovascular and respiratory centers from dynamically working canine muscles. Some evidence for involvement of group III or IV nerve fibers.

Tibes¹

1977

Circulation Research

168

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SUMMARY Reflex inputs to the circulatory and ventilator)' centers from dynamically contracting muscles and their interaction with extramuscular inputs were studied in anesthetized dogs. Dynamic work of hindlimb muscles was evoked by electrical stimulation of sciatic nerve branches (40 tetani/min with square wave pulses: 0.2-1.0 V, 0.3-0.7 msec, 30-100 Hz). These pulses activated group I and II nerve fibers and they affected heart rate (HR), minute ventilation (V E ), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) only to a small degree when neuromuscular transmission was blocked by cooling distally from the electrodes. Comparable small changes were obtained if these fibers were excited by their natural stimuli when moving and stretching the legs and muscles, respectively. But these responses disappeared when the legs were moved and the muscles stretched after the dogs had been immobilized with drugs, indicating that they were caused by increased muscle tension and not movement per se. If neuromuscular transmission was restored, muscular contractions were induced which caused great reflexogenifc increases of HR, V t , and MAP. Muscular reflex drives to the centers were then eliminated by cold blockade of nervous transmission in both sciatic nerves proximally from the stimulating electrodes while contractions were not interrupted. Blood metabolically enriched in this way entered the systemic circulation, thereby creating humoral extramuscular drives. Muscular reflex inputs accounted for the major and humoral drives for the minor portion of the total cardiovascular and respiratory responses during onset as well as during steady state of dynamic work, although humoral drives increased with time. The time courses of the reflexly induced changes tallied with those of muscular blood flow, indicating a relation with similar metabolic processes. The reflex drives were abolished if a blocking temperature typical for nonmyelinated or small myelinated group IV or III nerve fibers was reached. Similarly, the main responses were only obtained if electrical stimuli were raised to levels where they activated group III or IV afferents.NUMEROUS findings suggest that muscular drives, created by a variety of different stimuli, constitute an important factor in cardiovascular and respiratory regulation during exercise. 20 The significance of these drives during different stages and types of exercise, their adequate triggering mechanism, and their afferent fiber group seem not to be established adequately. This may be because only a few studies, interrupting the afferents from muscles during strenuous isometric and isotonic contractions, 1 ' 13 have established the reflex nature of these drives. However, the cardiovascular and ventilatory reactions following sustained isometric efforts seem to be somewhat different from those of dynamic work. 21 Moreover, since isometric contractions substantially enhance intramuscular pressure, 22 it seems conceivable that an increase in intramuscular pressure without contraction produces similar drives.9 ' "• 16...

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Static (Isometric) Exercise and the Heart: Physiological and Clinical Considerations

Cited by 161 publications

References 31 publications

Effect of Isometric Handgrip Exercise Training on Resting Blood Pressure in Normal Healthy Adults

Effect of Isometric Handgrip Exercise Training on Resting Blood Pressure in Normal Healthy Adults

The Isometric Handgrip Exercise As a Test for Unmasking Hypertension in the Offsprings of Hypertensive Parents

Reflex inputs to the cardiovascular and respiratory centers from dynamically working canine muscles. Some evidence for involvement of group III or IV nerve fibers.

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