States of awareness across multiple memory tasks: obtaining a “pure” measure of conscious recollection

Hamilton, Maryellen; Rajaram, Suparna

doi:10.1016/s0001-6918(02)00100-2

Cited by 36 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…As mentioned previously, we do not make the strong claim that remembering and knowing reflect process-pure estimates, but dual process theories and extant data support the idea that remembering and knowing are strongly related to controlled and automatic processes, respectively (Jacoby et al, 2001;McCabe & Geraci, 2009). Although the remember-know procedure is not often used to examine free recall performance, our results are consistent with previous findings showing that a substantial proportion of know responses are reported during free recall (e.g., Hamilton & Rajaram, 2003;McDermott, 2006). This finding is inconsistent with claims that free recall reflects a process-pure measure of recollective processing and instead suggests that free recall is similar to other measures of episodic memory, like recognition and cued recall, in that retrieval is influenced by both consciously controlled and automatic influences.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Although some researchers have assumed that free recall is exclusively a reflection of recollection in a nearly process-pure manner, our results indicate that the automatic contribution to free recall occurs even on tests occurring shortly after study (see also Hamilton & Rajaram, 2003;McDermott, 2006). This conclusion is based on the automaticity estimates from both experiments, and based on the levels of know responses in Experiment 2.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 51%

“…Interestingly, although hundreds of experiments using the remember-know procedure in recognition have been reported, only a few have used the procedure is used in conjunction with free recall tests (Hamilton & Rajaram, 2003;McDermott, 2006;Tulving, 1985). As noted above, although free recall tests require the conscious production of target items, which would seem to demand controlled processing, the subjective experience of knowing does arise during free recall tests (Hamilton & Rajaram, 2003;McDermott, 2006;Tulving, 1985).…”

Section: Remembering and Knowing In Free Recallmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As noted above, although free recall tests require the conscious production of target items, which would seem to demand controlled processing, the subjective experience of knowing does arise during free recall tests (Hamilton & Rajaram, 2003;McDermott, 2006;Tulving, 1985). If recall of an item is fluent, but recollective details are absent, subjects may feel that a retrieved item "just came into mind" rather than being consciously recollected.…”

Section: Remembering and Knowing In Free Recallmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If one assumes that know responses indicate response production without conscious recollection (e.g., Gardiner, 1988;Rajaram, 1993;Tulving, 1985), then know responses indicate an automatic influence on recall tests (as well as recognition tests). Further, the automatic influence on recall tests is replicable and systematic (Hamilton & Rajaram, 2003;McDermott, 2006). We consider the remember-know procedure more fully below, but the point for now is that know responses in free recall, coupled with the above zero free recall of amnesic patients, hints that automatic processing likely influences free recall even in healthy normal subjects.…”

mentioning

confidence: 94%

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Automatic processing influences free recall: converging evidence from the process dissociation procedure and remember-know judgments

2010

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Dual-process theories of retrieval suggest that controlled and automatic processing contribute to memory performance. Free recall tests are often considered pure measures of recollection, assessing only the controlled process. We report two experiments demonstrating that automatic processes also influence free recall. Experiment 1 used inclusion and exclusion tasks to estimate recollection and automaticity in free recall, adopting a new variant of the process dissociation procedure. Dividing attention during study selectively reduced the recollection estimate but did not affect the automatic component. In Experiment 2, we replicated the results of Experiment 1, and subjects additionally reported remember-know-guess judgments during recall in the inclusion condition. In the latter task, dividing attention during study reduced remember judgments for studied items, but know responses were unaffected. Results from both methods indicated that free recall is partly driven by automatic processes. Thus, we conclude that retrieval in free recall tests is not driven solely by conscious recollection (or remembering) but also by automatic influences of the same sort believed to drive priming on implicit memory tests. Sometimes items come to mind without volition in free recall.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 51%

Section: Remembering and Knowing In Free Recallmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Remembering and Knowing In Free Recallmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 94%

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Automatic processing influences free recall: converging evidence from the process dissociation procedure and remember-know judgments

2010

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Remembering pragmatic inferences

Chan

McDermott

2006

Applied Cognitive Psychology

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After hearing that 'the flimsy shelf weakened under the weight of the books,' people often remember having heard that the shelf broke-an inference that is not logically necessitated by the statement. Indeed, when asked to choose which word was heard-weakened or broke-people often mistakenly choose broke, a pragmatic inference, as having been heard (McDermott & Chan, 2006). On what basis are these decisions made? The present study explored the subjective experience accompanying memory for pragmatic inferences with remember/know/guess classifications (Gardiner & Java, 1991;Tulving, 1985). The phenomenological experiences accompanying such false memories were indistinguishable from those of true memories. The dual process signal detection account proposed by Wixted and Stretch (2004) provides a framework for understanding our results.

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Recalling the firedog: Individual differences in associative memory for unitized and nonunitized associations among older adults

et al. 2019

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Memory deficits in aging are characterized by impaired hippocampus‐mediated relational binding—the formation of links between items in memory. By reducing reliance on relational binding, unitization of two items into one concept enhances associative recognition among older adults. Can a similar enhancement be obtained when probing memory with recall? This question has yet to be examined, because recall has been assumed to rely predominantly on relational binding. Inspired by recent evidence challenging this assumption, we investigated individual differences in older adults' recall of unitized and nonunitized associations. Compared with successfully aging individuals, older adults with mild memory deficits, typically mediated by the hippocampus, were impaired in recall of paired‐associates in a task which relies on relational binding (study: “PLAY–TUNNEL”; test: PLAY–T?). In stark contrast, the two groups showed similar performance when items were unitized into a novel compound word (study: “LOVEGIGGLE”; test: LOVEG?). Thus, boosting nonrelational aspects of recall enhances associative memory among aging individuals with subtle memory impairments to comparable levels as successfully aging older adults.

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States of awareness across multiple memory tasks: obtaining a “pure” measure of conscious recollection

Cited by 36 publications

References 46 publications

Automatic processing influences free recall: converging evidence from the process dissociation procedure and remember-know judgments

Automatic processing influences free recall: converging evidence from the process dissociation procedure and remember-know judgments

Remembering pragmatic inferences

Recalling the firedog: Individual differences in associative memory for unitized and nonunitized associations among older adults

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