State weights and measures laboratories

Abstract

industry in the development of technology . . . needed to improve product quality, to modernize manufacturing processes, to ensure product reliability . . . and to facilitate rapid commercialization ... of products based on new scientific discoveries." NIST, originally founded as the National Bureau of Standards in 1901, works to strengthen U.S. industry's competitiveness; advance science and engineering; and improve public health, safety, and the environment. One of the agency's basic functions is to develop, maintain, and retain custody of the national standards of measurement, and provide the means and methods for comparing standards used in science, engineering, manufacturing, commerce, industry, and education with the standards adopted or recognized by the Federal Government.

Diachronic evidence in segmental phonology: the case of obstruent laryngeal specifications

“…Where the discussion forces a choice of terminology, it is chiefly cast in terms of privative units, as in the frameworks of Dependency Phonology (eg, Anderson & Ewen 1987, Ewen & van der Hulst 2001 and Government Phonology (eg, Kaye Lowenstamm & Vergnaud 1985, Harris 1994. Privative units are also commonly used in feature geometric models, however, (eg, Diachronic evidence in segmental phonology Clements 1985, Lombardi 1991, Clements & Hume 1995, Iverson & Salmons 1995, especially in the description of laryngeal phonology, as we will see in section 2.…”

“…8 The approach outlined here is, for our purposes at least, essentially compatible with several other systems which have recently been proposed in the b 8 literature on laryngeal specifications. These are Harris (1994), Iverson & Salmons (1995) and Jessen (1998). While there are differences among these authors in terms of the interpretation of the units that they use and the data and evidence that they discuss in connection with them, there is a broad comparability between their proposals, as shown in (6).…”

“…It is also, however, recognisable in the old 'Germanic' tradition which makes use of a distinction between fortis and lenis obstruents rather than a distinction of voicing (see, for example Sievers 1876 andKohler 1984). Anderson & Ewen (1987) foresee many of the ideas in this position, and recent proponents include Harris (1994), who argues for it on independent phonological grounds, and Iverson & Salmons (1995, 1999, 2003 and Iverson & Ahn (to appear), whose argumentation for this position has perhaps been most influential. Jessen (1998) picks up and reinforces Jakobson's argumentation and terminology, while Jessen & Ringen (2002) provides further evidence while adopting Iverson & Salmons' terminology.…”

“…The precise ways in which languages are assigned to these two 'types' in this section is heuristic and not necessarily final. 15 This type of argumentation is set out variously, and in more detail, in Harris (1994), Iverson & Salmons (1995), Jessen (1998), Petrova (2001) and Honeybone ( / 2002. The analysis of 'sonorant devoicing' given here is essentially compatible with that of Botma (this volume), where |H|, translated here as |spread|, is shown to be responsible for the 'devoicing' of sonorants in many situations.…”

Super-Resolution Light Microscopy Using Plasmonic Gratings

“…Super-resolution microscopy, where the resolution can break the diffraction limit, plays a critical role in advanced biological research. Super-resolution microscopy enables scientists to observe the movement and interaction of individual molecules and nanoscale features [1–6]. Several super-resolution techniques have been developed over the past few years that have led to a better understanding of biological systems.…”