State strategies for leveraging sports mega-events: unpacking the concept of ‘legacy’

Grix, Jonathan; Brannagan, Paul Michael; Wood, Hannah; Wynne, Ceri

doi:10.1080/19406940.2017.1316761

Cited by 70 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…There is increasing evidence that healthy competition to host the Olympics is coming to an end; the 2004 Olympic Games had 11 bidders, yet just Los Angeles and Paris were ultimately in contention for the 2024 and 2028 Games. The decline in bid cities has been exacerbated further with several democratic nations withdrawing recent bids after their citizens have failed to support the idea, contributing to the worldwide fall in the number of bidders (Grix et al, 2017). Thus, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) has been forced to set out an agenda for reform to avert a potential crisis in the longer-term (MacAloon, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Planning to fail? Leveraging the Olympic bid

Bason¹,

Grix

2018

MIP

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In recent years, there has been a decline in the number of cities seeking to host the Olympic Games, with several cities withdrawing from the bid process following referenda. The debate around bidding has hinged on the costs and benefits of hosting events, with little consideration as to the benefits of a bid itself. This research identifies the ways in which Olympic bids can be leveraged for positive outcomes, regardless of the outcomes of the bid. Design/methodology/approach The research employs a content analysis, examining the 16 bid responses to the question in the IOC Candidate questionnaire: "What will be the benefits of bidding for the Olympic Games for your city/region, irrespective of the outcome of the bid?". Findings This research found that bid cities do attempt to use the Olympic bid process as a leveraging resource, with four unique opportunities arising from this; national and city pride, Olympism, the formation of networks and global focus. These provide the opportunities for Olympic bid cities to achieve the following strategic objectives: nation and community building, sport participation, business opportunities, enhancing image and profile, and to push through infrastructural projects. Originality/value There has been little consideration as to the ways an Olympic bid can be used to leverage positive outcomes for a city or a nation, and therefore this research contributes to the literature on leveraging mega-events. The research also has practical value, in providing potential bidders with information regarding positive outcomes whether the bid is successful is not.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Planning to fail? Leveraging the Olympic bid

Bason¹,

Grix

2018

MIP

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“…In other words, some interests, like micro and small businesses (MSBs) within host communities can be rendered "invisible" (Raco & Tunney, 2010), although their inclusion in the earlier phases of bidding and project planning is often central to the justification of MSEs. Grix, Brannagan, Wood, and Wynne (2017) claimed that a "coalition of beneficiaries" (p. 2) interests are prioritized, often including externalcontingent stakeholders like the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and Olympic family of corporate sponsors. Event organizers are faced with a very real dilemma: does the foregrounding of "local" interests detract from, or jeopardize, the exclusivity arrangements promised to official sponsors, suppliers, and supporters whose resources fuel financial strategies of MSEs?…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mega-Sport Events, Micro and Small Business Leveraging: Introducing the "MSE–MSB Leverage Model"

Kirby¹,

Duignan²,

McGillivray³

2018

Event Management

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Micro and small business (MSB) interests legitimize mega-sport event (MSE) candidature bids. Yet, MSB interests can be sidelined in the event lead up, live staging, and legacy periods. This article provides a detailed: 1) review of MSE impacts on existing MSBs residing within targeted host communities, 2) conceptual and practical examination of MSE leveraging opportunities, 3) synthesis of good inclusionary practices identified in previous MSE case studies. As a result, a series of general and specific ways MSEs can foster MSB leveraging and legitimize local interests are suggested. We present a comprehensive analysis of key works since mid-1990s related to the themes identified above. Our analysis identifies that there is limited conceptual and empirical research on MSB impact and leveraging activities in the context of MSEs, yet significant evidence points to negative experiences, disruption, and displacement effects on residential (host) communities. We purposively focus on good practice in the context of other MSEs from the Olympics Games (e.g., London 2012, Rio 2016) and FIFA World Cup (e.g., South Africa, 2010) to inform recommendations and managerial implications. We outline a systematic series of ways MSBs can be structurally excluded from accessing MSE leveraging opportunities. Building on Chalip's widely adopted event leverage model (ELM), we present the "MSE-MSB Leverage Model" to illustrate how MSEs can (re)position MSBs as legitimate stakeholders to support greater leveraging opportunities and better (re)distribute event benefits back into host communities across planning and delivery stages. These range from reconfiguring: 1) event planning principles and policies, 2) regulatory and trading environments, and 3) the development of MSB business-to-business networks and partnerships.

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“…The sport reps had a difficult time agreeing if the growth in numbers were a natural occurrence or a direct result of the Games, cited by Reis et al (2014Reis et al ( , 2017 and Grix et al (2017) as also a muchcontested legacy of larger mega-events. Thomas (Executive Director Gay Games) and David (Positively Cleveland) believed a legacy was a more solid infrastructure of LGBT sport organizations in the region, which hopefully will lead to both LGBT and mainstream sport tournaments being held in Cleveland/Akron.…”

Section: Negative Legacies and Barriersmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Transgressive Potential of the 2014 Cleveland/Akron Gay Games Legacies

Jarvis¹

2018

Event Management

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Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) sport events potentially represent a significant transgressive and alternative space in the world of sport. There has been a scarcity of research on the full range of legacies that these types of medium-sized events can have, as previous studies focus on larger mega-sport events like the Olympics and/or economic and infrastructural aspects. This study evaluates the potential sociopolitical and sport legacies of the 2014 Gay Games held in Cleveland/Akron, based on interviews with 29 key stakeholders and complemented with conversations with 46 local residents. It demonstrates a range of positive sociopolitical and sport legacies were cited, although awareness of possible negative legacies and barriers also emerged. The discussions, centered on legacies, show the Games have symbolic significance for both the gay and wider community and accelerated the process of more accepting societal attitudes towards LGBTQ people. The conclusion discusses the somewhat qualified transgressive potential of the Games to challenge wider existing dominant heteronormative values in the local area.

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State strategies for leveraging sports mega-events: unpacking the concept of ‘legacy’

Cited by 70 publications

References 73 publications

Planning to fail? Leveraging the Olympic bid

Planning to fail? Leveraging the Olympic bid

Mega-Sport Events, Micro and Small Business Leveraging: Introducing the "MSE–MSB Leverage Model"

The Transgressive Potential of the 2014 Cleveland/Akron Gay Games Legacies

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