State of the Climate in 2022

Blunden, J.; Boyer, T.; Bartow-Gillies, E.

doi:10.1175/2023bamsstateoftheclimate.1

Cited by 17 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 256 publications

(347 reference statements)

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“…This can be captured through the "tape recorder" signal (Mote et al, 1996), which is the seasonal imprint of tropical tropopause temperatures on SWV, presented here as anomalies in water vapor within ± 15 • latitude of the equator (Figure 3). There is relatively dry air leaving the tropopause centered on boreal winter (shown in brown) and relatively moist air in a period centered on boreal summer (blue), which are both advected upward for about an 18 month cycle (Mote et al, 1996;Blunden et al, 2023). In MERRA-2, the tropospheric water vapor is constrained by observations; thus, the annual cycle is well captured between 100 and 70 hPa (Figure 3a).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

GEOS Constituent Data Assimilation Beyond Aura MLS: Assimilating NASA SAGE III/ISS profiles of stratospheric water vapor for continued climate record

Knowland,

Wales,

Wargan

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Stratospheric water vapor (SWV) is a greenhouse gas that has a significant, yet uncertain, impact on the Earth’s climate through its radiative effect and feedback. As the climate changes, it is thus critical to monitor and understand changes in SWV. NASA’s Microwave Limb Sounding (MLS) aboard the Aura satellite has observed SWV since 2004 but will soon reach end of life. The Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) missions observe SWV as well, with the SAGE III instrument operating on the International Space Station (ISS) since 2017. We use the constituent data assimilation capabilities of NASA’s Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) to demonstrate that the up to 30 SAGE III/ISS profiles each day provide a useful constraint on SWV over the observed midlatitudes and tropics. We conclude that assimilating SAGE III/ISS SWV into GEOS can continue the SWV climate data record of Aura MLS.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

GEOS Constituent Data Assimilation Beyond Aura MLS: Assimilating NASA SAGE III/ISS profiles of stratospheric water vapor for continued climate record

Knowland,

Wales,

Wargan

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…The accuracy of ERA5 water vapor data relies on data assimilation methods and the stability and precision of observational systems. Microwave observations and infrared datasets (e.g., AMSU, HIRS) provide accurate estimates of water vapor variations in the upper troposphere 12 , 31 , 32 , while spectral or radio occultation data (e.g., AIRS) provides information on the distribution of specific humidity and relative humidity 33 , 34 . Since satellite data are important for determining water vapor changes, especially over the oceans, the scarcity of satellite data prior to the mid-1990s resulted in unrealistic trends in the ERA5 dataset 12 , 35 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response of upper tropospheric water vapor to global warming and ENSO

Li,

Chen,

Wang

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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The upper tropospheric water vapor is a key component of Earth's climate. Understanding variations in upper tropospheric water vapor and identifying its influencing factors is crucial for enhancing our comprehension of global climate change. While many studies have shown the impact of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and global warming on water vapor, how they affect the upper tropospheric water vapor remains unclear. Long-term, high-precision ERA5 specific humidity data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) provided the data foundation for this study. On this basis, we successfully obtained the patterns of global warming (Independent Component 1, IC1) and ENSO (Independent Component 2, IC2) by employing the strategy of independent component analysis (ICA) combined with non-parametric optimal dimension selection to investigate the upper tropospheric water vapor variations and responses to ENSO and global warming. The results indicate that global warming and ENSO are the primary factors contributing to water vapor variations in the upper troposphere, achieving the significant correlations of 0.87 and 0.61 with water vapor anomalies respectively. Together, they account for 86% of the global interannual variations in water vapor. Consistent with previous studies, our findings also find positive anomalies in upper tropospheric water vapor during El Niño years and negative anomalies during La Niña years. Moreover, the influence extent of ENSO on upper tropospheric water vapor varies with the changing seasons.

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“…During this period, the annual flow of these rivers consistently exceeded the long-term average, indicating a period of high water flow. The peak annual runoff occurred in 2017, with Yesil recording 5.5 km 3 , Akkanburlyk with 0.49 km 3 , Imanburlyk with 0.37 km 3 , and Zhabay with 2.22 km 3 . In contrast, the lowest annual runoff figures were recorded in 2018.…”

Section: Yesilmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2022, the annual global average concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increased to 417.1 ± 0.1 ppm, representing a 50% rise from pre-industrial levels. The global mean tropospheric methane levels were 165% higher than their pre-industrial levels, and nitrous oxide concentrations were 24% above pre-industrial levels [3]. Kazakhstan's geographical location is at the intersection of two continents, Europe and Asia, spanning from 45 to 87 degrees east longitude and 40 to 55 degrees north latitude.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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The Impact of Climate Change on the Water Systems of the Yesil River Basin in Northern Kazakhstan

Kakabayev,

Yessenzholov,

Khussainov

et al. 2023

Sustainability

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The geographical location of Kazakhstan, situated in the central part of the Eurasian continent, has played a crucial role in shaping a distinctly continental climate. This positioning has led to Kazakhstan facing a significant challenge in terms of water resource availability. The country’s water resources are highly vulnerable to the dual pressures of climate change and human activities. It is noteworthy that the Yesil River basin is the sole region within Kazakhstan’s borders where water resources are predominantly generated, while all other river basins experience substantial outflows beyond the nation’s boundaries. This research undertaking involves a comprehensive analysis of long-term climatic data collected from meteorological stations located within the confines of the Yesil basin in Northern Kazakhstan. Additionally, the study encompasses the computation of water consumption and annual runoff within this region. Historical meteorological observations spanning from 1961 to 2020 reveal notable trends. Most significantly, a 1.2 °C increase in temperature is observed during the spring season. Winters have also become relatively milder and warmer, particularly towards the end of February, where temperatures have shifted from −16.2 °C in the first 30-year period to −14.6 °C in the second period. These findings underscore the ongoing climatic changes within the region, with significant implications for the management and sustainability of water resources in Kazakhstan.

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State of the Climate in 2022

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Cited by 17 publications

References 256 publications

GEOS Constituent Data Assimilation Beyond Aura MLS: Assimilating NASA SAGE III/ISS profiles of stratospheric water vapor for continued climate record

GEOS Constituent Data Assimilation Beyond Aura MLS: Assimilating NASA SAGE III/ISS profiles of stratospheric water vapor for continued climate record

Response of upper tropospheric water vapor to global warming and ENSO

The Impact of Climate Change on the Water Systems of the Yesil River Basin in Northern Kazakhstan

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