“…Nowadays, the development of electric vehicles (EVs) cannot be independent of advanced battery technologies, [1][2][3][4][5] and lithium-ion batteries seem to be the most competitive candidate due to their reasonable power and energy density, long life cycle, and memoryless effect. 6,7 To ensure safe and healthy battery operation and to extend battery life to the greatest extent, a variety of research has been carried out to estimate internal battery status, eg, state of charge (SOC), [8][9][10] state of energy (SOE), 11 state of power (SOP), 12 and state of health (SOH). [13][14][15] In addition, balancing techniques used for cells, 16 thermal management, 17 and charging strategies 18,19 are also critical to ensure battery operation with high performance.…”