“…The transformer losses consist of winding DC loss, winding AC loss, and core loss. The latter two are the worst considering the high-frequency application and are increased proportionally by the frequency as we can observe in Formulas (3) and ( 4), providing a classical transformer design [17]. In air-core magnetic devices, those losses are avoided, even if AC winding losses composed of proximity effect and skin effect are still present [18].…”
This paper presents the study of air-core transformers for electric vehicles, developing them for medium-power (tens of kWs) converter applications specifically used at a high frequency. Air-core transformers have the advantage of lacking magnetic saturation and iron losses, making them suitable for high-frequency applications. We designed and manufactured a transformer for a determined frequency and inductance value. The design of this passive component aims to both keep the magnetic field inside the transformer and manage the thermal energy efficiently. The electrical, magnetic, and thermal properties are simulated and then verified by experiments with a specific test bench. The transformer reaches high performances for a higher frequency than usual for an equivalent power transfer in automotive applications.
“…The transformer losses consist of winding DC loss, winding AC loss, and core loss. The latter two are the worst considering the high-frequency application and are increased proportionally by the frequency as we can observe in Formulas (3) and ( 4), providing a classical transformer design [17]. In air-core magnetic devices, those losses are avoided, even if AC winding losses composed of proximity effect and skin effect are still present [18].…”
This paper presents the study of air-core transformers for electric vehicles, developing them for medium-power (tens of kWs) converter applications specifically used at a high frequency. Air-core transformers have the advantage of lacking magnetic saturation and iron losses, making them suitable for high-frequency applications. We designed and manufactured a transformer for a determined frequency and inductance value. The design of this passive component aims to both keep the magnetic field inside the transformer and manage the thermal energy efficiently. The electrical, magnetic, and thermal properties are simulated and then verified by experiments with a specific test bench. The transformer reaches high performances for a higher frequency than usual for an equivalent power transfer in automotive applications.
“…Nanocrystalline cores in the names of Vitroperm, Finemet, NanoPhy are available from manufacturers Hitachi, Japan; Vaacuumschuleze, Germany and IMPhY, France respectively; however, Finemet and Vitroperm are widely adopted. An extensive analysis on core selection is reported in [48,130,133,[136][137][138]. Furthermore, in case of MFT for DAB, a leakage inductance either of transformer or by adding a regular leakage layer is utilized.…”
Increase in global energy demand and constraints from fossil fuels have encouraged a growing share of renewable energy resources in the utility grid. Accordingly, an increased penetration of direct current (DC) power sources and loads (e.g., solar photovoltaics and electric vehicles) as well as the necessity for active power flow control has been witnessed in the power distribution networks. Passive transformers are susceptible to DC offset and possess no controllability when employed in smart grids. Solid state transformers (SSTs) are identified as a potential solution to modernize and harmonize alternating current (AC) and DC electrical networks and as suitable solutions in applications such as traction, electric ships, and aerospace industry. This paper provides a complete overview on SST: concepts, topologies, classification, power converters, material selection, and key aspects for design criteria and control schemes proposed in the literature. It also proposes a simple terminology to identify and homogenize the large number of definitions and structures currently reported in the literature.
“…The essential considerations including taking care while designing and optimizing the HFTR. The material should be loaded with lower flux density and proper insulation layers must be used to minimize losses and keep temperature within limits [73,74]. The core material should have high saturation magnetic flux density, low core loss and high permeability [74].…”
With the growing fleet of a new generation electric vehicles (EVs), it is essential to develop an adequate high power charging infrastructure that can mimic conventional gasoline fuel stations. Therefore, much research attention must be focused on the development of off-board DC fast chargers which can quickly replenish the charge in an EV battery. However, use of the service transformer in the existing fast charging architecture adds to the system cost, size and complicates the installation process while directly connected to medium-voltage (MV) line. With continual improvements in power electronics and magnetics, solid state transformer (SST) technology can be adopted to enhance power density and efficiency of the system. This paper aims to review the current state of the art architectures and challenges of fast charging infrastructure using SST technology while directly connected to the MV line. Finally, this paper discusses technical considerations, challenges and introduces future research possibilities.
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