State of art review on conventional and advanced pyrolysis of macroalgae and microalgae for biochar, bio-oil and bio-syngas production

Lee, Xin Jiat; Ong, Hwai Chyuan; Gan, Yong Yang; Chen, Wei‐Hsin; Mahlia, T.M.I.

doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2020.112707

Cited by 288 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 228 publications

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“…The use of oleaginous microalgae biomass will help minimize this arable land requirement and increase GHG emission reductions per hectare for any potential bioenergy application. Microalgae has a high photosynthesis efficiency, oil content, biomass productivity, and growth rate when compared with other terrestrial oilseed crops [11,12]. Despite these advantages, more substantial greenhouse gas emissions, increased nutritional needs, and increased use of water were recorded to algae associated with existing terrestrial bioenergy feedstocks from a life cycle analysis perspective [13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipid Extraction Maximization and Enzymatic Synthesis of Biodiesel from Microalgae

et al. 2020

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Microalgae has received overwhelming attention worldwide as a sustainable source for energy generation. However, the production of biofuel from microalgae biomass consists of several steps, of which lipid extraction is the most important one. Because of the nature of feedstock, extraction needs special attention. Three different methods were studied to extract algal oil from two different algae variant, Chlorella sp. and Spirulina sp. The highest percentage oil yield was obtained by ultrasonication (9.4% for Chlorella sp., 6.6% for Spirulina sp.) followed by the Soxhlet and solvent extraction processes. Ultrasonication and Soxhlet extraction processes were further optimized to maximize oil extraction as solvent extraction was not effective in extracting lipid. For ultrasonication, an amplitude of 90% recorded the highest percentage yield of oil for Spirulina sp. and a 70% amplitude recorded the highest percentage yield of oil for Chlorella sp. On the other hand, for Soxhlet extraction, a combination of chloroform, hexane, and methanol at a 1:1:1 ratio resulted in the highest yield of algal oil. Afterward, the crude algae oil from the ultrasonication process was transesterified for 5 h using an immobilized lipase (Novozyme 435) at 40 °C to convert triglycerides into fatty acid methyl ester and glycerol. Thus, ultrasonic-assisted lipid extraction was successful in producing biodiesel from both the species.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipid Extraction Maximization and Enzymatic Synthesis of Biodiesel from Microalgae

et al. 2020

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“…Slow pyrolysis is characterized by the heating of biomass under a "slow" heating rate (0.1-0.8°C/s), with a moderate temperature (550-900°C) and long retention times (> 5 min) [62]. Their main product is biochar with by-products such as bio-oil and syngas [63]. Under slow pyrolysis different particle sizes can be processed, therefore both macro and microalgae can be used without mechanical From pyrolysis it can be obtained bio-oils, chars, and non-condensable gases; however, the final content and amounts will depend directly form the operation conditions and microalgae properties and reaction type [70].…”

Section: Pyrolysis Of Microalgaementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, the gas product increases when the temperature is increased [9]. Over the last years, several studies have been conducted to increase the efficiency of pyrolysis process using microalgal genera such as In order to exploit the potential of pyrolysis in microalgal conversion, the process has to be improved towards a higher bio-oil yield [63] with less oxygenic compounds to prevent polymerization and condensation. Suitable catalyst could lead to in situ upgrading of generated biooil [74,95], Another advantage of catalytic pyrolysis is that catalysts used for pyrolysis can be recycled to the reactor [74].…”

Section: Pyrolysis Of Microalgaementioning

confidence: 99%

The Application of Catalytic Processes on the Production of Algae-Based Biofuels: A Review

Zuorro¹,

García-Martínez²,

Barajas-Solano³

2020

Preprint

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Over the last decades, microalgal biomass has gained a significant role in the development of different high-end (nutraceuticals, colorants, food supplements, and pharmaceuticals) and low-end products (biodiesel, bioethanol, and biogas) due to rapid growth and high carbon fixing efficiency. Therefore, microalgae are considered a useful and sustainable resource to attain energy security while reducing our current reliance on fossil fuels. From the technologies available for obtaining biofuels using microalgae biomass, thermochemical processes (pyrolysis, HTL, gasification) have proven to be processed with higher viability, because they use all biomass. However, because of the complexity of the biomass (lipids, carbohydrates , and proteins), the obtained biofuels from direct thermochemical conversion have large amounts of heteroatoms (oxygen, nitrogen , and sulfur). As a solution, catalyst-based processes have emerged as a sustainable solution for the increase in biocrude production. This paper's objective is to present a comprehensive review of recent developments on catalyst mediated conversion of algal biomass. Special attention will be given to operating conditions, strains evaluated, and challenges for the optimal yield of algal-based biofuels through pyrolysis and HTL.

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“…Slow pyrolysis is characterized by the heating of biomass under a "slow" heating rate (0.1-1°C/s), with a moderate temperature (550-950°C) and long retention times (> 5 min) [56]. Their main product is biochar with by-products such as bio-oil and syngas [57]. Under slow pyrolysis different particle sizes can be processed, therefore both macro and microalgae can be used without mechanical pre- Fast pyrolysis is considered as the preferred method for the maximization of bio-oil production.…”

Section: Pyrolysis Of Microalgaementioning

confidence: 99%

The Application of Catalytic Processes on the Production of Algae-based Biofuels: A Review

Zuorro¹,

García-Martínez²,

Barajas-Solano³

2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Over the last decades, microalgal biomass has gained a significant role in the development of different high-end (nutraceuticals, colorants, food supplements, and pharmaceuticals) and low-end products (biodiesel, bioethanol, and biogas) due to rapid growth and high carbon fixing efficiency. Therefore, microalgae are considered a useful and sustainable resource to attain energy security while reducing our current reliance on fossil fuels. From the technologies available for obtaining biofuels using microalgae biomass, thermochemical processes (pyrolysis, HTL, gasification) have proven to be processed with higher viability, because they use all biomass. However, the biocrudes obtained from direct thermochemical conversion have substantial quantities of heteroatoms (oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur) due to the complexity of the biomass's content of chemical components (lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins). As a solution, catalyst-based processes have emerged as a sustainable solution for the increase in biocrude production. This paper's objective is to present a comprehensive review of recent developments on catalyst mediated conversion of algal biomass. Special attention will be given to operating conditions, strains evaluated, and challenges for the optimal yield of algal-based biofuels through pyrolysis and HTL.

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State of art review on conventional and advanced pyrolysis of macroalgae and microalgae for biochar, bio-oil and bio-syngas production

Cited by 288 publications

References 228 publications

Lipid Extraction Maximization and Enzymatic Synthesis of Biodiesel from Microalgae

Lipid Extraction Maximization and Enzymatic Synthesis of Biodiesel from Microalgae

The Application of Catalytic Processes on the Production of Algae-Based Biofuels: A Review

The Application of Catalytic Processes on the Production of Algae-based Biofuels: A Review

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