Lipid Extraction Maximization and Enzymatic Synthesis of Biodiesel from Microalgae

Fattah, I.M. Rizwanul; Noraini, M.Y.; Mofijur, M.; Silitonga, A.S.; Badruddin, Irfan Anjum; Ong, Hwai Chyuan; Mahlia, T.M.I.

doi:10.3390/app10176103

Cited by 35 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…Among all fatty acid methyl esters, palmitic acid methyl ester (PAME) was the most abundant in all the lipid extracts, followed by oleic and stearic methyl esters. Similar observations were made by Fattah et al (2020) who found FAME compositions obtained by enzymatic synthesis from Chlorella sp. and Spirulina sp., were mainly predominated by palmitic acid, followed by oleic and stearic methyl esters.…”

Section: Determination Of Fatty Acids Composition In the Lipid Fractionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Lipid extraction from microalgae using pure caprolactam-based ionic liquids and with organic co-solvent

Naiyl

Kengara

Kiriamiti

et al. 2022

PeerJ Analytical Chemistry

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Background The main process limitation of microalgae biofuel technology is lack of cost-effective and efficient lipid extraction methods. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness and efficiency of six caprolactam-based ionic liquids (CPILs) namely, Caprolactamium chloride, Caprolactamium methyl sulphonate, Caprolactamium trifluoromethane sulfonate, Caprolactamium acetate, Caprolactamium hydrogen sulphate and Caprolactamium trifluoromethane-acetate—for extraction of lipids from wet and dry Spirulina platensis microalgae biomass. Of these, the first three are novel CPILs. Methods The caprolactam-based ionic liquids (CPILs) were formed by a combination of caprolactam with different organic and inorganic Brønsted acids, and used for lipid extraction from wet and dry S. platensis microalgae biomass. Extraction of microalgae was performed in a reflux at 95 °C for 2 h using pure CPILs and mixtures of CPIL with methanol (as co-solvent) in a ratio of 1:1 (w/w). The microalgae biomass was mixed with the ILs/ methanol in a ratio of 1:19 (w/w) under magnetic stirring. Results The yield by control experiment from dry and wet biomass was found to be 9.5% and 4.1%, respectively. A lipid recovery of 10% from dry biomass was recorded with both caprolactamium acetate (CPAA) and caprolactamium trifluoroacetate (CPTFA), followed by caprolactamium chloride (CPHA, 9.3 ± 0.1%). When the CPILs were mixed with methanol, observable lipids’ yield enhancement of 14% and 8% (CPAA), 13% and 5% (CPTFA), and 11% and 6% (CPHA) were recorded from dry and wet biomass, respectively. The fatty acid composition showed that C16 and C18 were dominant, and this is comparable to results obtained from the traditional solvent (methanol-hexane) extraction method. The lower level of pigments in the lipids extracted with CPHA and CPTFA is one of the advantages of using CPILs because they lower the cost of biodiesel production by reducing the purification steps. Conclusion In conclusion, the three CPILs, CPAA, CPHA and CPTFA can be considered as promising green solvents in terms of energy and cost saving in the lipid extraction and thus biodiesel production process.

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Section: Determination Of Fatty Acids Composition In the Lipid Fractionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Lipid extraction from microalgae using pure caprolactam-based ionic liquids and with organic co-solvent

Naiyl

Kengara

Kiriamiti

et al. 2022

PeerJ Analytical Chemistry

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“…The chemical catalysis process for producing biodiesel consumes energy and creates undesirable by-products, such as soaps and polymeric pigments, which impede product separation from glycerol and di-and monoacylglycerols, which can be eliminated using enzymatic catalysis [138]. Biodiesel production by enzymatic catalysis has emerged as the most promising new technology [139][140][141]. This is evidenced by the intensive publications on enzymatic transesterification of lipids (oils/fats) in the last two decades [142][143][144][145][146].…”

Section: Enzymatic Catalysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Current State and Perspectives on Transesterification of Triglycerides for Biodiesel Production

Salaheldeen

Mariod²,

Aroua

et al. 2021

Catalysts

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Triglycerides are the main constituents of lipids, which are the fatty acids of glycerol. Natural organic triglycerides (viz. virgin vegetable oils, recycled cooking oils, and animal fats) are the main sources for biodiesel production. Biodiesel (mono alkyl esters) is the most attractive alternative fuel to diesel, with numerous environmental advantages over petroleum-based fuel. The most practicable method for converting triglycerides to biodiesel with viscosities comparable to diesel fuel is transesterification. Previous research has proven that biodiesel–diesel blends can operate the compression ignition engine without the need for significant modifications. However, the commercialization of biodiesel is still limited due to the high cost of production. In this sense, the transesterification route is a crucial factor in determining the total cost of biodiesel production. Homogenous base-catalyzed transesterification, industrially, is the conventional method to produce biodiesel. However, this method suffers from limitations both environmentally and economically. Although there are review articles on transesterification, most of them focus on a specific type of transesterification process and hence do not provide a comprehensive picture. This paper reviews the latest progress in research on all facets of transesterification technology from reports published by highly-rated scientific journals in the last two decades. The review focuses on the suggested modifications to the conventional method and the most promising innovative technologies. The potentiality of each technology to produce biodiesel from low-quality feedstock is also discussed.

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“…It has been reported that Spirulina spp. has a total lipid content in the range of 6.4–14.3% DW [ 5 , 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of Lipid Extraction from Spirulina spp. by Ultrasound Application and Mechanical Stirring Using the Taguchi Method of Experimental Design

Neag

Stupar²,

Varaticeanu³

et al. 2022

Molecules

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The present study uses the Taguchi method of experimental design to optimize lipid extraction from Spirulina spp. by ultrasound application and mechanical stirring. A Taguchi L9 orthogonal array was used to optimize various parameters, such as methanol: chloroform (M:C) ratio, biomass: solvent ratio, and extraction time for lipid extraction. The results were analyzed using the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The biomass: solvent ratio significantly influenced lipid content (p < 0.05) with 92.1% and 92.3% contributions to the lipid and S/N ratio data, respectively. The extraction time presented a contribution value of 5.0%, while the M:C ratio presented the most negligible contribution of 0.4% for S/N data. The optimum extraction conditions were: M:C ratio of 1:1, biomass: solvent ratio of 1:60, and extraction time of 30 min. The predominant fatty acids were palmitic acid (44.5%), linoleic acid (14.9%), and gamma-linolenic acid (13.4%). The confirmation experiments indicated a lipid content of 8.7%, within a 95% confidence interval, proving the Taguchi method’s effectiveness in optimizing the process parameters for lipid extraction.

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Lipid Extraction Maximization and Enzymatic Synthesis of Biodiesel from Microalgae

Cited by 35 publications

References 70 publications

Lipid extraction from microalgae using pure caprolactam-based ionic liquids and with organic co-solvent

Lipid extraction from microalgae using pure caprolactam-based ionic liquids and with organic co-solvent

Current State and Perspectives on Transesterification of Triglycerides for Biodiesel Production

Optimization of Lipid Extraction from Spirulina spp. by Ultrasound Application and Mechanical Stirring Using the Taguchi Method of Experimental Design

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