Starvation reveals the cause of infection-induced castration and gigantism

Cressler, Clayton E.; Nelson, William A.; Day, Troy; McCauley, Edward

doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.1087

Cited by 30 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Both P. ramosa and WFCD are virulent parasites and most likely have a high energy demand to support parasite growth, assuming that the rate at which parasites extract Daphnia nutrients equates with their virulence (eBert et al 2004;smith & hoLt 1996;miDeo 2009;cressLer et al 2014). In this study, single parasite species' effects on Daphnia survival and reproduction were minor (even positive) for P. ramosa.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…Expression of parasite virulence depends on a basic level of energy reserve of the host and the parasite to maintain its growth (smith & hoLt 1996;miDeo 2009;cressLer et al 2014). Immunological mechanisms in the host reduce this basic energy level and thus reduce the energy available for the parasite.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Host and parasite traits are sensitive to environmental factors such as food availability and quality, which interact to affect parasite virulence levels (feLLous & KoeLLa 2009;VaLe et al 2013;Duncan et al 2014). The outcome of the interaction between host and parasite depends on the amount of energy available for the host, the allocation of this energy towards life history responses, and the need and capacity of the parasite to exploit this (smith & hoLt 1996;BeDhomme et al 2004;PeDerson & fenton 2007;miDeo 2009;cressLer et al 2014). In general, parasite virulence is expected to increase upon nutrient limitation of the host, due to increased resource competition between both antagonists (ferguson & reaD 2002;LamBrechts et al 2006;frost et al 2008;cornet et al 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In general, parasite virulence is expected to increase upon nutrient limitation of the host, due to increased resource competition between both antagonists (ferguson & reaD 2002;LamBrechts et al 2006;frost et al 2008;cornet et al 2014). Resource availability will also affect (especially costly) host immune defenses (oJaLa et al 2005;KaPari et al 2006;KLemoLa et al 2007;LittLe & KiLLicK 2007), especially if there is a metabolic link between their resources, given that host immunity and parasites then interact as "competitors" (cressLer et al 2014). On the other hand, a parasite that is not efficient in stealing nutrients from its host may also show a reduced growth rate, which is then reflected in lower virulence levels (eBert et al 2004;sePPäLa et al 2008;aBu KwaiK & Bumann 2013;cornet et al 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the net outcome of multiple infections depends, inter alia, on the mode of competition between different parasite species, the involvement of the host immune system (graham 2008;miDeo 2009;cressLer et al 2014), host demography (izhar et al 2015) and the environmental dependency of multiple infections (PenczyKowsKi et al 2016). In multiple infections, the combined negative effect of the parasites will depend on whether the parasites require nutrients essential to the host.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synergistic effects of dual parasitism in Daphnia magna under nutrient limitation

et al. 2017

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ABSTRACT. Human-induced increases in the bioavailability of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) have the potential to alter the context for host-parasite dynamics in aquatic ecosystems. Given that both eutrophication and infectious diseases are becoming more prominent, it is essential to disentangle the factors that determine virulence expression in keystone grazers. Here, we focus on the impact of nutrient limitation in single versus dual parasite exposure in the water flea Daphnia magna (Crustacea, Branchiopoda). For this, we fed specimens of D. magna with algae differing in C:N:P ratios and exposed them to two virulent parasites, Pasteuria ramosa (bacteria) and the agent causing White Fat Cell (WFCD, unknown classification), both in single and dual parasite exposure treatments. Exposure to the two parasites synergistically reduced host survival, mainly driven by WFCD exposure, especially under severe nutrient limitation. Under these conditions individuals of D. magna began reproducing earlier, which resulted in a higher reproductive output upon dual parasite exposure. We here discuss these results within the framework of host stress responses, nutrient allocation and energy budgets, and conclude that the way food quality interferes with host-parasite interactions varies, depending on the parasite species involved, the nutrient requirements of all actors and the trait investigated.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Synergistic effects of dual parasitism in Daphnia magna under nutrient limitation

et al. 2017

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A historical perspective of nutrient change impact on an infectious disease in Daphnia

Reyserhove

Samaey

Muylaert

et al. 2017

Ecology

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Changes in food quality can play a substantial role in the vulnerability of hosts to infectious diseases. In this study, we focused on the genetic differentiation of the water flea Daphnia magna towards food of different quality (by manipulating C:N:P ratios) and its impact on the interaction with a virulent infectious disease, "White Fat Cell Disease (WFCD)". Via a resurrection ecology approach, we isolated two Daphnia subpopulations from different depths in a sediment core, which were exposed to parasites and a nutrient ratio gradient in a common garden experiment. Our results showed a genetic basis for sensitivity towards food deprivation. Both fecundity and host survival was differently affected when fed with low-quality food. This strongly impacted the way both subpopulations interacted with this parasite. A historical reconstruction of nutrient changes in a sediment core reflected an increase in organic material and phosphorus concentration (more eutrophic conditions) over time in the studied pond. These results enable us to relate patterns of genetic differentiation in sensitivity towards food deprivation to an increasing level of eutrophication of the subpopulations, which ultimately impacts parasite virulence effects. This finding was confirmed via a dynamic energy budgets (DEB), in which energy was partitioned for the host and the parasite. The model was tailored to our study by integrating (1) increased growth and a fecundity shift in the host upon parasitism and (2) differences of food assimilation in the subpopulations showing that a reduced nutrient assimilation resulted in increased parasite virulence. The combination of our experiment with the DEB model shows that it is important to consider genetic diversity when studying the impact of nutritional stress on species interactions, especially in the context of changing environments and emerging infectious diseases.

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Environmental variation causes different (co) evolutionary routes to the same adaptive destination across parasite populations

Auld

Brand

2017

Evolution Letters

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Epidemics are engines for host‐parasite coevolution, where parasite adaptation to hosts drives reciprocal adaptation in host populations. A key challenge is to understand whether parasite adaptation and any underlying evolution and coevolution is repeatable across ecologically realistic populations that experience different environmental conditions, or if each population follows a completely unique evolutionary path. We established twenty replicate pond populations comprising an identical suite of genotypes of crustacean host, Daphnia magna, and inoculum of their parasite, Pasteuria ramosa. Using a time‐shift experiment, we compared parasite infection traits before and after epidemics and linked patterns of parasite evolution with shifts in host genotype frequencies. Parasite adaptation to the sympatric suite of host genotypes came at a cost of poorer performance on foreign genotypes across populations and environments. However, this consistent pattern of parasite adaptation was driven by different types of frequency‐dependent selection that was contingent on an ecologically relevant environmental treatment (whether or not there was physical mixing of water within ponds). In unmixed ponds, large epidemics drove rapid and strong host‐parasite coevolution. In mixed ponds, epidemics were smaller and host evolution was driven mainly by the mixing treatment itself; here, host evolution and parasite evolution were clear, but coevolution was absent. Population mixing breaks an otherwise robust coevolutionary cycle. These findings advance our understanding of the repeatability of (co)evolution across noisy, ecologically realistic populations.

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Starvation reveals the cause of infection-induced castration and gigantism

Cited by 30 publications

References 36 publications

Synergistic effects of dual parasitism in Daphnia magna under nutrient limitation

Synergistic effects of dual parasitism in Daphnia magna under nutrient limitation

A historical perspective of nutrient change impact on an infectious disease in Daphnia

Environmental variation causes different (co) evolutionary routes to the same adaptive destination across parasite populations

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