Starch carboxymethylation by reactive extrusion: Reaction kinetics and structure analysis

Recent advances in starch‐based films toward food packaging applications: Physicochemical, mechanical, and functional properties

“…Morphological modification is also a common strategy that is utilized to change starches' functional properties to give porous starch or starch nanoparticles (NPs) (Li, Zhao et al, 2018;Oliyaei, Moosavi-Nasab, Tamaddon, & Fazaeli, 2020;Xiang et al, 2016;Yang et al, 2017). Enzymatic modification by pullulanase, an enzyme that cleaves (1,6)-α-D glycosidic linkages, can also effectively change the amylopectin to amylose ratio (Abidin et al, 2018; Although most of these modification strategies involve fairly simple synthetic reaction steps, much attention has recently been focused on developing and optimizing processes for reactive extrusion of starch, opening the door for further commercialization of starch-based products (Fitch-Vargas et al, 2019;Fonseca-Florido et al, 2019;Jebalia et al, 2019;Kaisangsri, Kowalski, Kerdchoechuen, Laohakunjit, & Ganjyal, 2019;Liu et al, 2019;Milotskyi, Bliard, Tusseau, & Benoit, 2018;Nessi et al, 2019;Siyamak, Laycock, & Luckman, 2020;Tian, Zhang, Sun, Jin, & Wu, 2015;Ye et al, 2019). Although chemical modification of starch typically diminishes the mechanical properties of the resultant films by causing less efficient polymer packing and subsequent decreases in film crystallinity, modified films can exhibit some improvements in some mechanical properties (Table 2, entries 40 and 41) as well as oftentimes leading to better barrier properties or increased compatibilization with additives that can offset the decrease in properties (Table 2, entries 10 and 38) or can endow the film with additional function while decreasing the potential for retrogradation (Colussi et al, 2017;Fu et al, 2019).…”

Synthesis of starch graft-copolymers via reactive extrusion: Process development and structural analysis

“…Most solvent-based chemical reactions can be successfully translated and performed in an extruder via reactive extrusion (REx). REx technology combines the advantage of using the extruder as a continuous flow reactor with the process of chemical reaction for producing high-value starch-based products, with the possibility of a rapid, solvent-free, and scalable process (Maliger & Halley, 2014;Milotskyi, Tusseau, & Benoit, 2018;Moad, 2011;Valle, Colonna, & Tayeb, 1991). However, while the characteristics of a graft copolymerization reaction in solution are influenced by the reaction's duration, temperature, and the type and concentration of chemical components present, the same reaction in an extruder is mainly controlled by flow patterns, mixing conditions, and residence time distribution (Raquez, Narayan, & Dubois, 2008).…”

Chemical Modification of Plasticized Lignins Using Reactive Extrusion

“…Reactive extrusion (REX) is a fast developing technique that shows high potential in producing chemically modified bio-sourced polymeric material from small to large scale (Berzin and Hu, 2004; Formela et al, 2018; Milotskyi et al, 2018). It can be applied to a wide range of highly viscous materials.…”