Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in Ukraine: antibacterial resistance and virulence factor encoding genes

Abstract

BackgroundThe number of studies regarding the incidence of multidrug resistant strains and distribution of genes encoding virulence factors, which have colonized the post-Soviet states, is considerably limited. The aim of the study was (1) to assess the Staphylococcus (S.) aureus nasal carriage rate, including Methicillin Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains in adult Ukrainian population, (2) to determine antibiotic resistant pattern and (3) the occurrence of Panton Valentine Leukocidine (PVL)-, Fibronectin-Binding Protein A (FnBPA)- and Exfoliative Toxin (ET)-encoding genes.MethodsNasal samples for S. aureus culture were obtained from 245 adults. The susceptibility pattern for several classes of antibiotics was determined by disk diffusion method according to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) guidelines. The virulence factor encoding genes, mecA, lukS-lukF, eta, etb, etd, fnbA, were detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).ResultsThe S. aureus nasal carriage rate was 40%. The prevalence of nasal MRSA carriage in adults was 3.7%. LukS-lukF genes were detected in over 58% of the strains. ET-encoding genes were detected in over 39% of the strains and the most prevalent was etd. The fnbA gene was detected in over 59% of the strains. All MRSA isolates tested were positive for the mecA gene. LukS-lukF genes and the etd gene were commonly co-present in MRSA, while lukS-lukF genes and the fnbA gene were commonly co-present in Methicillin Sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) isolates. No significant difference was detected between the occurrence of lukS-lukF genes (P > 0.05) and the etd gene (P > 0.05) when comparing MRSA and MSSA. The occurrence of the fnbA gene was significantly more frequent in MSSA strains (P < 0.05).ConclusionsIn Ukraine, S. aureus is a common cause of infection. The prevalence of S. aureus nasal carriage in our cohort of patients from Ukraine was 40.4%. We found that 9.1% of the strains were classified as MRSA and all MRSA isolates tested positive for the mecA gene. We also observed a high prevalence of PVL- and ET- encoding genes among S. aureus nasal carriage strains. A systematic surveillance system can help prevent transmission and spread of drug resistant toxin producing S. aureus strains.

Antimicrobial susceptibility and presence of resistance & enterotoxins/enterotoxin-likes genes inStaphylococcus aureusfrom food

“…The increasing resistance to antibiotics can be connected to antibiotic overuse and requires to be addressed promptly (Netsvyetayeva et al, 2014). The treatment of infections caused by S. aureus has been complicated by antimicrobial resistance in the bacteria (Jackson, Davis, & Barrett, 2013).…”

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) among Patients seen at a Tertiary Hospital in Maiduguri, Nigeria

“…The MRSA colonisation level is considered to be low, when compared with other studies which ranged between 5.9%-15.6% (Nahimana et al, 2006;Wang et al, 2009). Lower MRSA colonization have been reported in some studies, 7.7% in Serbia (Cirkovic et al, 2014), 9.7% in Ukarine (Netsvyetayeva et al, 2014), while high level reported in other studies, 21.2% in Sao Tome and Principle (Conceicao et al, 2013), 36.8% in Iran (Mohajari et al, 2013, 66.4% in Scotland (Matheson et al, 2012), 50% in Libya (El-Bouri and El-Bouri, 2013), 50.5% in Ireland (Huggins et al, 2011). Observed differences in MRSA colonisation level between studies countries and hospitals may be best explained by various factors, microbiological methods (from sampling technique to culture media), local infection control standards, and the local prevalence of MRSA.…”

Uncoupling of Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Staphylococcus aureus

“…One of the remarkable features of this state of pathobiosis is that commensal S. aureus isolates contain many, if not all, of the known virulence factors and microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) linked to disease (8)(9)(10). The pathogenic potential of these isolates is exemplified by the risk of staphylococcal nasal carriers to develop systemic infections caused by the endogenous S. aureus strain they carry (7,11).…”