Staphylococcus aureus (Including Staphylococcal Toxic Shock)

Que, Yok-Ai; Moreillon, Phillipe

doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-06839-3.00195-8

Cited by 74 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 291 publications

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“…A high number of S. aureus isolates were obtained from males (70.1%). Male gender and extreme of ages are found to be at increased risk for infections caused by S. aureus by population-based studies [2]. However, S. aureus infections were evenly distributed across various age groups in our analysis.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 47%

“…They cause skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) including impetigo, folliculitis, furunculosis, cutaneous abscesses, cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, and surgical site infections; pleuropulmonary infections; bone and joint infections and device-related infections. S. aureus is also one of the most frequent causes of infective endocarditis and bacteremia [1,2]. Toxinmediated illnesses, scalded skin syndrome, toxic shock syndrome, and food poisoning are also caused by S. aureus [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Staphylococcus Aureus Infections and Their Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile at a Tertiary Care Hospital

Ofulah

Vishwanath

Banerjee

et al. 2017

Asian J Pharm Clin Res

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Objective: Staphylococcus aureus remains an important bacterial pathogen causing diverse infections which are both nosocomial and community acquired. Increasing resistance among S. aureus to various antibiotics is a cause of concern.Methods: A prospective observational study of 4 months duration was conducted to analyze the spectrum of infections caused by S. aureus and to study its antimicrobial resistance to commonly used antibiotics. Specimens from various clinical sites received in the laboratory for culture and sensitivity were processed as per standard techniques. Identification and susceptibility testing of S. aureus isolates were done using automated systems.Results: A total of 234 S. aureus isolates were obtained during the study period. Males accounted for 70.1% (n=164) of patients with S. aureus infections. These patients were uniformly distributed across all age groups. S. aureus was most commonly isolated from pus and exudates (64.5%) followed by respiratory specimens (20.5%) and mainly cultured from the skin and soft tissue infections (56%). Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) accounted for 47% (n=110) of isolates. Higher rates of susceptibility were noted for tetracycline (95.3%), gentamicin (85.4%), and trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole (88%). Low susceptibility rate was seen for ciprofloxacin (11.2%). Inducible clindamycin resistance was seen in 22.4% (n=50) isolates. Methicillin-sensitive S. aureus isolates were found to be more susceptible to non-beta lactam antibiotics than the methicillin-resistant isolates. Conclusion:A high frequency of MRSA was found in our study. Regular surveillance of antimicrobial resistance profile of this most frequent pathogen is necessary to aid in providing appropriate empirical antibiotic therapy.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 47%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Staphylococcus Aureus Infections and Their Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile at a Tertiary Care Hospital

Ofulah

Vishwanath

Banerjee

et al. 2017

Asian J Pharm Clin Res

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“…In most cases, medical treatment is not required. However, hospitalization for the severity of symptoms may be seen in 10% of those with S. aureus food poisoning (178). Severe dehydration may be seen in young children and elderly patients (178).…”

Section: Staphylococcus Aureusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Practical Guidance for Clinical Microbiology Laboratories: Diagnosis of Bacterial Gastroenteritis

2015

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SUMMARY Bacterial gastroenteritis is a disease that is pervasive in both the developing and developed worlds. While for the most part bacterial gastroenteritis is self-limiting, identification of an etiological agent by bacterial stool culture is required for the management of patients with severe or prolonged diarrhea, symptoms consistent with invasive disease, or a history that may predict a complicated course of disease. Importantly, characterization of bacterial enteropathogens from stool cultures in clinical laboratories is one of the primary means by which public health officials identify and track outbreaks of bacterial gastroenteritis. This article provides guidance for clinical microbiology laboratories that perform stool cultures. The general characteristics, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations of key bacterial enteropathogens are summarized. Information regarding optimal specimen collection, transport, and processing and current diagnostic tests and testing algorithms is provided. This article is an update of Cumitech 12A (P. H. Gilligan, J. M. Janda, M. A. Karmali, and J. M. Miller, Cumitech 12A, Laboratory diagnosis of bacterial diarrhea, 1992).

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“…This model showed that among the antibiotics from 8 pharmacological classes, the investigational fluoroquinolone delafloxacin (11,12) and daptomycin performed better than all others when tested against biofilms formed by both methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) reference strains (ATCC 25923 and ATCC 33591). In the present study, we extended the analysis to biofilms produced by 7 clinical isolates belonging to multilocus sequence typing clonal complexes (CC) CC5 and CC8, two of the most pandemic human lineages that have acquired mobile genetic elements carrying drug resistance or virulence genes, making then well adapted for colonization, pathogenicity, and a poor response to antibiotic treatment (13). Delafloxacin was compared to daptomycin and vancomycin as typical examples of highly and poorly active antibiotics, respectively, when tested in biofilms formed from the reference strains (10).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the Antibiotic Activities of Daptomycin, Vancomycin, and the Investigational Fluoroquinolone Delafloxacin against Biofilms from Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates

Siala

Mingeot‐Leclercq

Tulkens

et al. 2014

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

100

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b Biofilm-related infections remain a scourge. In an in vitro model of biofilms using Staphylococcus aureus reference strains, delafloxacin and daptomycin were found to be the most active among the antibiotics from 8 different pharmacological classes (J. Bauer, W. Siala, P. M. Tulkens, and F. Van Bambeke, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 57:2726 -2737, 2013, doi:10.1128/ AAC.00181-13). In this study, we compared delafloxacin to daptomycin and vancomycin using biofilms produced by 7 clinical strains (S. aureus epidemic clones CC5 and CC8) in order to rationalize the differences observed between the antibiotics and strains. The effects of the antibiotics on bacterial viability (resazurin reduction assay) and biomass (crystal violet staining) were measured and correlated with the proportion of polysaccharides in the matrix, the local microenvironmental pH (micro-pH), and the antibiotic penetration in the biofilm. At clinically meaningful concentrations, delafloxacin, daptomycin, and vancomycin caused a >25% reduction in viability against the biofilms formed by 5, 4, and 3 strains, respectively. The antibiotic penetration within the biofilms ranged from 0.6 to 52% for delafloxacin, 0.2 to 10% for daptomycin, and 0.2 to 1% for vancomycin; for delafloxacin, this was inversely related to the polysaccharide proportion in the matrix. Six biofilms were acidic, explaining the high potency of delafloxacin (lower MICs at acidic pH). Norspermidine and norspermine (disassembling the biofilm matrix) drastically increased delafloxacin potency and efficacy (50% reduction in viability for 6 biofilms at clinically meaningful concentrations) in direct correlation with its increased penetration within the biofilm, while they only modestly improved daptomycin efficacy (50% reduction in viability for 2 biofilms) and penetration, and they showed marginal effects with vancomycin. Delafloxacin potency and efficacy against biofilms are benefited by its penetration into the matrix and the local acidic micro-pH. Biofilms consist of communities of bacteria encased in a matrix made of polymeric substances, including DNA, proteins, polysaccharides, and teichoic acids in Gram-positive bacteria. About 80% of human bacterial infections are associated with these structures that can develop on the surface of tissues or foreign bodies (1). Staphylococcus aureus is one of the pathogens associated most frequently with these biofilm-related infections, and more specifically those presenting a persistent character, like osteomyelitis, rhinosinusitis, otitis media, endocarditis, or orthopedic implant infections (2, 3).Studies performed in vitro and in animal models have shown that antibiotics are less active against bacteria growing in biofilms than against their planktonic counterparts (4-9). This apparent resistance has been attributed to a conjunction of factors related to the metabolic state of bacteria (a slow growth rate, emergence of small colony variants, and the presence of a significant population of persisters [cells in a dormant state]), the hete...

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Staphylococcus aureus (Including Staphylococcal Toxic Shock)

Cited by 74 publications

References 291 publications

Staphylococcus Aureus Infections and Their Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile at a Tertiary Care Hospital

Staphylococcus Aureus Infections and Their Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile at a Tertiary Care Hospital

Practical Guidance for Clinical Microbiology Laboratories: Diagnosis of Bacterial Gastroenteritis

Comparison of the Antibiotic Activities of Daptomycin, Vancomycin, and the Investigational Fluoroquinolone Delafloxacin against Biofilms from Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates

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