Practical Guidance for Clinical Microbiology Laboratories: Diagnosis of Bacterial Gastroenteritis

Humphries, Romney M.; Linscott, Andrea J.

doi:10.1128/cmr.00073-14

Cited by 161 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 300 publications

(354 reference statements)

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“…Stools used to test for plesiomonads should be collected and handled the same as those for any routine enteric pathogens, with feces preferable over rectal swabs (210). Preservative fluids (all are acceptable) and/or refrigeration of the specimen is necessary if testing cannot be performed within 2 to 4 h of collection (211).…”

Section: Laboratory Identification Isolation and Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plesiomonas shigelloides Revisited

Janda¹,

2016

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SUMMARYAfter many years in the familyVibrionaceae, the genusPlesiomonas, represented by a single species,P. shigelloides, currently resides in the familyEnterobacteriaceae, although its most appropriate phylogenetic position may yet to be determined. Common environmental reservoirs for plesiomonads include freshwater ecosystems and estuaries and inhabitants of these aquatic environs. Long suspected as being an etiologic agent of bacterial gastroenteritis, convincing evidence supporting this conclusion has accumulated over the past 2 decades in the form of a series of foodborne outbreaks solely or partially attributable toP. shigelloides. The prevalence ofP. shigelloidesenteritis varies considerably, with higher rates reported from Southeast Asia and Africa and lower numbers from North America and Europe. Reasons for these differences may include hygiene conditions, dietary habits, regional occupations, or other unknown factors. Other human illnesses caused byP. shigelloidesinclude septicemia and central nervous system disease, eye infections, and a variety of miscellaneous ailments. For years, recognizable virulence factors potentially associated withP. shigelloidespathogenicity were lacking; however, several good candidates now have been reported, including a cytotoxic hemolysin, iron acquisition systems, and lipopolysaccharide. WhileP. shigelloidesis easy to identify biochemically, it is often overlooked in stool samples due to its smaller colony size or relatively low prevalence in gastrointestinal samples. However, one FDA-approved PCR-based culture-independent diagnostic test system to detect multiple enteropathogens (FilmArray) includesP. shigelloideson its panel. Plesiomonads produce β-lactamases but are typically susceptible to many first-line antimicrobial agents, including quinolones and carbapenems.

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Section: Laboratory Identification Isolation and Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plesiomonas shigelloides Revisited

Janda¹,

2016

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“…Conventional bacterial stool culturing is considered the traditional gold standard for diagnosis of the most common bacterial pathogens (3,4), and current guidelines recommend one to two culture specimens for adult patients and one specimen for pediatric patients (5). Fresh stool specimens should be transported to the laboratory and processed within 2 h of collection (6,7). If the specimen cannot be processed within 2 h, it should be placed in a transport medium to preserve the viability of bacterial pathogens, particularly Shigella and Campylobacter.…”

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confidence: 99%

Evaluation of a Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assay for Detecting Major Bacterial Enteric Pathogens in Fecal Specimens: Intestinal Inflammation and Bacterial Load Are Correlated in Campylobacter Infections

et al. 2016

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. Significant differences were observed among the three groups (P < 0.001), and a significant linear trend was identified (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the fecal calprotectin concentrations and C T values were found to be correlated (r ‫؍‬ ؊0.658). Our results demonstrate that molecular screening of Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and Shigella spp./EIEC using the BD Max EBP assay will result in timely diagnosis and improved sensitivity. The determination of inflammatory markers, such as calprotectin, in fecal specimens may aid in the interpretation of PCR results, particularly for enteric pathogens associated with mucosal damage and colonic inflammation.A cute bacterial gastroenteritis is a common global health problem. Infections with Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are spread to humans from animal reservoirs. In contrast, humans are the primary reservoir of Shigella spp. These four microorganisms are the most commonly reported enteric bacterial pathogens responsible for community-acquired diarrhea (1, 2). Conventional bacterial stool culturing is considered the traditional gold standard for diagnosis of the most common bacterial pathogens (3, 4), and current guidelines recommend one to two culture specimens for adult patients and one specimen for pediatric patients (5). Fresh stool specimens should be transported to the laboratory and processed within 2 h of collection (6, 7). If the specimen cannot be processed within 2 h, it should be placed in a transport medium to preserve the viability of bacterial pathogens, particularly Shigella and Campylobacter. Antibiotics administered at the time of specimen collection may compromise the outcome of stool culturing (8).Several novel molecular assays for detecting enteric bacterial pathogens in stool specimens have been developed. These assays are very specific, and their sensitivities are superior to those of conventional methods (3,7,9,10). Among these tests, the BD Max enteric bacterial panel (EBP) is an FDA-cleared, multiplex PCR assay designed for the detection of Salmonella spp., Shigella spp./enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), Campylobacter spp. (Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli), and Shiga-like toxin genes (stx 1 and/or stx 2 ) in preserved and unpreserved stool specimens using the BD Max system (BD Diagnostics, Allschwil, Switzerland). The BD Max system is a walkaway PCR instrument that can extract, amplify, and detect nucleic acids in batches of up to 24 samples within 3 h, requiring less than 2 min of hands-on time per sample (11).In this study, we aimed to achieve the following: (i) to evaluate the performance of molecular testing compared with that of conventional culture methods in a privately owned clinical microbiology laboratory, currently serving approximately 2,200 hospital beds and several hundred physicians in private practice; (ii) to study the association between the relative bacterial load, as assessed using the threshold cycle (C T ) values of pathogen-specific PCR targets, and the...

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“…The accuracy of any serological test is mainly dependent upon many factors including antigen and titer of antibodies in the serum. A number of assay such as agar gel precipitation test, agglutination tests, immune-electrophoresis, enzyme linked immunosorbant assay, neutralization tests, line immunoassay, complement fixation test and fluorescent antibody technique is used for diagnostic purposes [41,43,44].…”

Section: Conventional Methods For Isolation Of Causative Organismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eco-Epidemiology and Control of Waterborne Gastroenteritis: A Review

A¹

2015

J Food Process Technol

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Viral and bacterial pathogens appear to be the causative agents of water-borne gastroenteritis globally. Waterborne gastroenteritis is the primary cause of loss of productivity and morbidity in developed and underdeveloped nations. Lack of extensive epidemiological surveillance and data analysis of viral and bacterial waterborne gastroenteritis is a major hindrance in the control of this disease. The burden of gastroenteritis is highest in the children and immunocompromised persons as compared to the elderly population. Essentially, Rotavirus, Norovirus, Pestivirus, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenese, Yersinia pestis, Clostridium difficile, Vibrio cholerae, Aeromonashydrophila are primary causative organisms of waterborne gastroenteritis globally. This review highlights the current knowledge of waterborne pathogens and their significance, epidemiological factors like worldwide prevalence, hosts, causative agents, associated risk factors, clinical signs and symptoms, conventional as well as molecular diagnostic tools to combat the disease and recent approaches to effective treatments and new innovative methods of controlling these infectious agents that cause gastroenteritis will be discussed.

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Practical Guidance for Clinical Microbiology Laboratories: Diagnosis of Bacterial Gastroenteritis

Cited by 161 publications

References 300 publications

Plesiomonas shigelloides Revisited

Plesiomonas shigelloides Revisited

Evaluation of a Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assay for Detecting Major Bacterial Enteric Pathogens in Fecal Specimens: Intestinal Inflammation and Bacterial Load Are Correlated in Campylobacter Infections

Eco-Epidemiology and Control of Waterborne Gastroenteritis: A Review

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