Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci in Bacteraemia: The Epidemiology, Predisposing Factors, Pathogenicity and Antimicrobial Resistance

Abstract

Staphylococcus species are the predominant Gram-positive organisms obtained from blood culture samples. Its incidence in bloodstream infection among children and adults varies among. Staphylococcus aureus is regarded as pathogenic with high morbidity and mortality while coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are often regarded as a contaminant and not a true cause of bacteremia despite its rising occurrence. Predisposing factors of staphylococcal bacteremia include malnutrition, malaria, HIV/AIDS and nosocomial infections. Methicillin-resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and CoNS in bacteremia is associated with an increase in multidrug-resistant virulent strains when compared to methicillin-sensitive S. aureus or CoNS. The impact of coagulase-negative staphylococci in bacteremia is on the increase with marked clinical complications. However, this review summarizes the prevalence and epidemiology of S. aureus and CoNS in bacteremia based on research outcomes in Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America.

Bacterial Blood Isolates in Children: Conventional vs. Bactec Automated Blood Culture System in a Tertiary Health Centre in Gombe, North East Nigeria

“…This is in agreement with similar studies in Nigeria from Abuja [19], Lagos [20], Kano [46], Ibadan [47] [48] Ife [49] Maiduguri [50] using Bactec BD and with reports from Gambia [28] Uganda [51], Ethiopia [36], Ghana [28] [52], Guinea-Bissau [53] Pakistan [16] and Nepal [54]. It has become a leading cause of hospital and community-acquired bacteremia in children and is often used as a marker of invasiveness [55]. While in high-income countries, S. aureus bacteremia is the second most common cause of neonatal sepsis, after group B Streptococcus [56], in Africa, it is a common cause of invasive bacterial disease in children [19] [28] [38] [51] [52] [53].…”

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci and coagulase-negative staphylococci prevalence among patients attending at Felege Hiwot Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

“…Such infections are causing substantial clinical burden with increasing trend globally [ 2 , 4 , 6 , 26 , 28 ]. Furthermore vancomycin resistant strains increase mortality, hospital stay, infection recurrence and treatment costs than sensitive strains [ 29 – 34 ].…”

Emerging vancomycin-non susceptible coagulase negative Staphylococci associated with skin and soft tissue infections

“…Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are now gaining significant importance with much emphasis on the vancomycin-non susceptible Coagulase-negative staphylococci (VNS-CoNS) that were observed to be substantially associated with colonization of the skin, soft tissue, and mucous membranes in different clinical infections [ 1 ]. These strains were implicated in severe wound, abscess, skin and soft tissue related infections [ 2 ], and it is now gradually emerging to intensify severe complications.…”