Staphylococcosis of Turkeys. 1. Portal of Entry and Tissue Colonization

Jensen, Marcela; Downs, Walter; Morrey, John D.; Nicoll, T R; Lefèvre, Sophie; Meyers, Craig

doi:10.2307/1590774

Cited by 32 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Several subsequent attempts to reproduce BCO using S. aureus by aerosol in broilers also proved unsuccessful (Mutalib et al, 1983b), despite the additional stresses of wetting and chilling. Jensen et al (1987) found that the lung and liver of 19-day-old turkeys became colonized by S. aureus following aerosol exposure to this pathogen. They concluded that the presence of liver infection indicated passage of the bacteria from the respiratory tract into the blood or lymphatic system, although the exact mechanism of spread was not determined.…”

Section: Inoculation Of S Aureus Via Aerosolmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…However, although they were unable to demonstrate a relationship between the occurrence of osteomyelitis and stress under experimental conditions , Mutalib et al (1983a) suggested that stress might initiate outbreaks in chickens that have a latent staphylococcal colonization from an early age. Jensen et al (1987) suggested that staphylococcal infections did not result primarily from injection of the organism due to injury, insect bites or cuts to the skin, rather that the respiratory tract was the most likely portal of entry of S. aureus in poultry on the basis of preferential S. aureus adherence to cells of the respiratory tract compared with cells from other tissues. Such adhesion of S. aureus to the surface of the host cell has been shown to be important in bovine mastitis and endocarditis in humans (Foster, 1991), in human osteomyelitis (Ryden et al, 1989) and in osteomyelitis in chickens (Alderson & Nade, 1987).…”

Section: Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis ('femoral head necrosis') of broiler chickens: A review

McNamee¹,

Smyth²

2000

Avian Pathology

139

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Bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO) in chickens was first reported in 1972 and is now recognized as an important cause of lameness in broiler chickens. Recent systematic studies of causes of lameness in birds reared in Northern Ireland have shown that it was the most common cause of lameness, being present in 17.3% of lame birds. Furthermore, it was also detected in birds presented as "found dead". Overall losses in male birds due to BCO were estimated to be 0.75% of all birds placed, which, in addition to welfare concerns, represents considerable economic loss. The disease has been seen in birds ranging from 14 to 70 days of age, but most cases occurred around 35 days old. It is most commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, but Escherichia coli, coagulase-negativ e staphylococci and Enterococcus spp. are sometimes involved, as are, rarely, other bacteria. The lesions are most commonly found associated with the growth plates of long bones, particularly the proximal growth plate of the femur and tibiotarsus, but other bones may also be affected. Since lesions were visible to the naked eye in only 40 to 67% of cases, histological examination is recommended where no lesions are visible macroscopically. As the lesion may be present in only one growth plate, and because histological examination is often not carried out, BCO is almost certainly underdiagnosed. The exact pathogenesis of the condition is unknown, but it is thought that adherence of blood-borne bacteria to exposed cartilage at the tips of metaphyseal blood vessels is fundamental. Under controlled experimental conditions, infection of birds with the immunosuppressive viruses chicken anaemia virus and infectious bursal disease virus increased the incidence of the disease, while restricting feed intake reduced the incidence of disease. S. aureus strains identical to, or closely related to, isolates recovered from naturally occurring cases of the disease (as determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis) have been recovered from fluff-debris in hatcheries, and also from the environment of breeding flocks, indicating that infection in the breeding farm and in the hatchery could be an important source of infection. It has also been shown that humans can carry poultry strains of S. aureus on their hands. There is a higher incidence of BCO in birds hatched from floor eggs. Thus, hygiene and management practice on breeder farms and in the hatchery may influence the occurrence of the disease. Bacteraemia is a prerequisite for BCO. Indeed, in some flocks suffering losses due to BCO, there are also losses due to staphylococcal septicaemia. Thus, appropriate treatment of affected flocks should reduce losses due to septicaemia. It should also reduce the occurrence of bacteraemia and the development of further cases of BCO. However, birds in which BCO has already developed, are unlikely to respond to treatment. Control of BCO by vaccination seems unlikely in the short term. Simple bacterins have not been effective and much basic research is needed to i...

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Section: Inoculation Of S Aureus Via Aerosolmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis ('femoral head necrosis') of broiler chickens: A review

McNamee¹,

Smyth²

2000

Avian Pathology

139

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…A connection between virulence and adherence among bacterial species, including some staphylococcal strains, has been suggested. For example, in turkeys, strains of S. aureus with a high level of adherence to lung cells also expressed a high level of virulence 12 . Also, Cree & Noble 13 suggested that among S. intermedius , isolates from lesions of pyoderma in dogs may represent strains with increased adherence to damaged skin due to exposure of extracellular matrix proteins.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adherence of Staphylococcus intermedius to canine corneocytes in vitro

Saijonmaa-Koulumies

Lloyd

2002

Veterinary Dermatology

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This study investigated the in vitro adherence of Staphylococcus intermedius to canine corneocytes, collected from a healthy dog using double-sided adhesive tape. Adherence was shown to depend on duration (P < 0.001) and temperature of incubation (P < 0.001) and the concentration of bacteria (P < 0.001). Isolates of S. intermedius from lesions of pyoderma were not generally more adherent to healthy canine skin than were isolates from healthy dogs. Significant differences in adherence were demonstrated between individual isolates within both groups (P < 0.001). The study suggests that among S. intermedius there is no correlation between virulence and adherence to canine corneocytes in vitro. The finding may be important for the potential use of avirulent variants of S. intermedius as antagonistic strains against canine pyoderma. However, more studies are needed to compare the adherence of the isolates to skin cells obtained from dogs with diseases predisposed to pyoderma.

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“…Mutalib et al (1983b) were unable to reproduce disease after exposing broiler chickens to 5. aureus aerosols. However Jensen et al (1987) demonstrated colonization of turkey lungs following aerosol exposure in vivo. In the present study, the role of the respiratory tract as a major route of infection seems unlikely since most birds were kept in open, uncrowded enclosures, and exposure to infected aerosols would have been minimal.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%