Staphylococci in swimming pool water

Crone, Patricia; Tee, G. H.

doi:10.1017/s0022172400024049

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…In addition, the organisms are up to 20 times more resistant to chlorine than coliforms, and are more resistant than enterococci and coliforms to other halogen disinfectants (Alico and Dragonjac, 1986). Because of these factors, S. aureus is considered by a number of authors to be a good parameter of pool water quality (Crone and Tee, 1974;Robinton and Mood, 1966).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It should be pointed out, however, that coagulase-positive S. aureus strains constituted less than 4% of the staphylococcal population in the 'recreational lakes (unpublished data). Crone and Tee (1974) showed that two-thirds of the staphylococci they isolated from pools were S. aureus. Klapes (1983), on the other hand, found that only a small proportion of the staphylococci isolated from pools with a minimum of 0.6 ppm free chlorine residual were coagulase-positive S. aureus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bacterial indicators to estimate the health hazards associated with the use of swimming pools

Seyfried

1989

Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual.

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A total of 200 swimming pools, including one wading pool, were monitored for specific bacteria to select the most appropriate water quality indicators for a proposed prospective epidemiological survey of swimming pools. The organisms included in the study were fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter spp., and total plate counts of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria. The results indicated that fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, and Acinetobacter spp. have limited use as water quality parameters because of their naturally low densities in pools. Total plate counts, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus appeared to be the indicators of choice because they were either present in large numbers, were opportunistic pathogens, or had a varied susceptibility to chlorine. The study showed that P. aeruginosa has an added advantage as an indicator because it can be typed using serological and genotyping methods.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial indicators to estimate the health hazards associated with the use of swimming pools

Seyfried

1989

Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual.

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“…We isolated them from numerous swimming pools, as did other workers (7,11). From 11.5% at certain beaches (Table 2).…”

Section: Duringmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The 56 strains of P. aeruginosa that were serotyped belonged to 19 different types, with Hll (8), PS11 (7), 02, 2B, Hll (6), H10 (5), and Ha (5) Of 652 samples of coastal water monitored, TC and FC were detected in 91.6 and 82.2%, respectively. P. aeruginosa was isolated from 44.8% of samples, including the ones with a single cell in 100 ml of water.…”

Section: Duringmentioning

confidence: 99%

87:6490 Occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Israeli coastal water

1987

Deep Sea Research Part B. Oceanographic Literature Review

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The occurrence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus in seawater from beaches of central Israel was investigated from June 1983 until June 1985. P. aeruginosa was monitored in 652 samples of seawater from 34 beaches, and S. aureus was monitored in 628 samples. P. aeruginosa was found in 44.8% of samples (6.5% with 1 bacterium per 100 ml of water), and S. aureus was recovered from 60.7% of samples (5.3% with 1 organism per 100 ml), compared with 91.6% of samples with total coliforms (TC) and 82.2% with fecal coliforms (FC). The correlation between the presence of P. aeruginosa to that of TC and FC was 99.1 and 98.3%, respectively, while S. aureus was found in 4.3 and 8% of samples where TC and FC, respectively, were absent. Monitoring of S. aureus as a supplementary indicator in populated beaches is recommended because it will add valuable information on the sanitary quality of the seawater.The bacterial quality of recreational waters is assessed by the same indicators recommended for drinking water, namely, total coliforms (TC) and fecal coliforms (FC). These organisms indicate mainly the possibility of fecal contamination, hence the presence of enteric pathogens, which are most important in drinking water. However, infections in recreational waters are not limited to enteric diseases but extend to the skin, ear, nose, and throat, and many microorganisms that cause infection in these organs do not originate in the intestinal tract of warm-blooded animals. Stevenson (28) found that ailments of the upper respiratory tract represented about 50% of illnesses recorded for bathers, while gastrointestinal disturbances were only about 20%. Mujeriego et al. (20) observed that the most frequent complaints recorded for recreational users of coastal water in Spain were skin diseases (morbidity rate of 2%), followed by ear and eye infections (1.5%), while intestinal infections were less than 1%. Foster et al. (13) maintained that the large majority of illnesses that are swimming related are transmitted by contact, not ingestion. They also maintain that the problem of disease spread by contact has been relatively ignored.The following bacterial species have been recommended as supplementary indicators for recreational workers: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and others. We elected to study the merit of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus as supplementary criteria for Mediterranean water by assessing their occurrence in the coastal water of our region in relation to the conventional bacterial indicators. These species were chosen for two reasons: they are both potential pathogens, and they represent pollution from two different sources, with P. aeruginosa originating in the environment and S. aureus associated with various organs of the body other than the alimentary tract.P. aeruginosa is a ubiquitous saprophite in many normal systems (6) that is widely distributed in soil, water, sewage, the mammalian gut, and plants (16) and which is able to proliferate in distille...

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“…Stuphylococcus aureus is widely distributed and has been isolated from food, animal tissues, faeces and various other environments (Williams 1963(Williams , 1966Hambraneus 1973;Evans 1977). As a result of their great resistance to stress and their adaptation to survival outside the human host, staphylococci have been suggested as alternatives to coliforms as indicators of pollution in swimming pools, recreational waters, hydrotherapy pools, and water that might be added to food (Crone & Tee 1974;Evans 1977;Klapes 1983). The major significance of Stuph.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and performance of a new medium for the quantitative recovery of Staphylococcus aureus from recreational waters

Borrego

Florido

Mrocek

et al. 1987

Journal of Applied Bacteriology

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Several reports have suggested that staphylococci, and especially Staphylococcus aureus, are useful indicators of pollution of recreational waters. The lack of a selective, accurate and reliable recovery system for the quantification of Staph. aureus from water has been the principal obstacle to the evaluation of their use as indicators. In this study, several inhibitory substances and different nutrient sources have been evaluated for the formulation of a new selective medium. The medium designed, BFR-0 agar, recovers more than 75% of staphylococci and allows Staph. aureus to be identified.

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Staphylococci in swimming pool water

Cited by 18 publications

References 15 publications

Bacterial indicators to estimate the health hazards associated with the use of swimming pools

Bacterial indicators to estimate the health hazards associated with the use of swimming pools

87:6490 Occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Israeli coastal water

Design and performance of a new medium for the quantitative recovery of Staphylococcus aureus from recreational waters

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