Staphylococcal exotoxins are strong inducers of IL-22: A potential role in atopic dermatitis

Ubiquitin E3 Ligase A20 Facilitates Processing Microbial Product in Nasal Epithelial Cells

“…With the same experimental setting above, we added the lysosome inhibitor, NH 4 Cl, to the culture medium; the SEB flux through the epithelial monolayers was carried out. The results showed that even the A20-sufficient epithelial monolayers showed the high permeability to SEB (Fig.…”

“…Reagents-SEB, NH 4 Cl, and cycloheximide were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, China). Antibodies of IgE, CD23, SEB, A20, EEA1, LAMP2, A20 shRNA, and fluorescence-labeled second antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Shanghai, China).…”

“…For the SEB degradation assay, cells were cultured in Transwell filter inserts (polycarbonate membrane, 0.4-m pore size, 1.12-cm 2 surface area, Corning Costar Co.). To inhibit the lysosome function, 50 mM NH 4 Cl was included in the culture medium.…”

Atopic dermatitis - from new pathophysiologic insights to individualized therapy

“…In AD, serum IL-22 levels were found to correlate with disease severity (101). S. aureus exotoxins significantly enhanced the production of IL-22 by T cells from patients with AD (102). Investigating the effects of IL-22 on keratinocytes revealed a downregulation of genes coding for proteins of the epidermal terminal differentiation pathway including FLG (103) and an induction of epidermal hyperplasia (104).…”

Staphylococcal α-Toxin Induces a Higher T Cell Proliferation and Interleukin-31 in Atopic Dermatitis

“…We showed that sublytic concentrations of α-toxin were able to effectively activate T lymphocytes, which led to the induction of IFN-γ [2] and IL-22 [5]. This indicates that besides pore-forming abilities, sublytic concentrations of α-toxin have immunological properties and therefore may serve as a pathogenetic factor in AD.…”