Standards for the History, Examination, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD): A Position Paper

Diagnostic tests for temporomandibular disorders 81

“…[8,9,29] The beauty of this computer-guided treatment approach is that it lessens hyperactive muscles from within the central nervous system, by controlling the molar periodontal ligament (PDL) mechanoreceptors, which synapse directly with efferent motor fibers that contract the four masticatory muscles. [16] Prolonged excursive frictional contacts increase the total time PDL mechanoreceptors are compressed in excursive movements, where the PDL compression time is equal to the DT duration of that same excursion. [32] The more time the excursive interferences contact, the longer time the PDL are compressed, resulting in prolonged durations of masticatory muscle contractions.…”

“…[15,16] They have been recognized as safe and effective in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with TMDs.…”

Effects of transcutaneous electrical nervous stimulation on electromyographic and kinesiographic activity of patients with temporomandibular disorders: A placebo-controlled study

“…Among different treatment strategies used in the treatment of TMD, transcutaneous electrical nervous stimulation (TENS) has been proposed (Jankelson, 1969;Jankelson and Swain, 1972;Talley et al, 1990): it is mainly used for the antalgic effect that could produce in symptomatic patients and for the positive relaxing effect that is exerted in the masticatory muscles (Gold et al, 1983); however, the antalgic effect of TENS application is still a debated question, since contrasting results have been reported in literature and the possibility of a placebo effect has been suggested (Oosterhof et al, 2008;Rakel and Frantz, 2003;Rakel et al, 2010). In addition, the effect of TENS application on sEMG activity of masticatory muscles has been poorly investigated: indeed, only two study (Rodrigues et al, 2004;Cooper and Kleinberg, 2008) investigated the effect of TENS on sEMG activity of masticatory muscles, reporting a reduced sEMG activity of hyperactive muscles and an increased activity of masseter muscles during maximum voluntary clenching (Rodrigues et al, 2004); however, these studies used a long TENS application time (from 45 to 60 min) in symptomatic patients; furthermore, none of the studies analyzed kinesiographic changes after TENS application.…”

A Conservative Surgical Approach in the Management of Longstanding Chronic Protracted Temporomandibular Joint Dislocation: A Case Report and Review of Literature

“…The condyle is suddenly displaced from the glenoid fossa, moves beyond, usually anterosuperior, to the articular eminence, with a complete separation of the articular surfaces of the joint and fixation of the condyle in that abnormal position, where it is held by spasm of the muscles of mastication. When this occurs, the patient requires medical assistance to reduce the condyle back into the glenoid fossa [2,3]. Anterior luxation of mandible is normally bilateral and symptoms include inability to close the mouth, mentalis protrusion, tension and spasms of masticatory muscles, excessive salivation and drooling [4].…”

“…TMJ dislocation is mainly of 3 different types-Acute, Chronic recurrent and Chronic persistent/protracted/longstanding [1,2]. Acute TMJ dislocation is a condition in which there occurs a complete loss of articular relationships, between the articular fossa of the temporal bone and the condyle-disc complex.…”