Standardizing Visual Control Devices for Tsetse Flies: East African Species Glossina fuscipes fuscipes and Glossina tachinoides

Oloo, Francis; Sciarretta, Andrea; Mohamed-Ahmed, Mohamed M.; Kröber, Thomas; McMullin, Andrew; Mihok, Steve; Guérin, Patrick M.

doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003334

Cited by 12 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Further, tiny targets when mounted on pirogues moving along a river have proved to be effective in reducing tsetse density [ 73 ]. The development of such novel control tools, as well as standardization of existing models, will lead to identification of cost-effective devices for tsetse management [ 70 , 74 , 75 ].…”

Section: Emerging Options In Disease and Vector Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tsetse Flies (Glossina) as Vectors of Human African Trypanosomiasis: A Review

Wamwiri

Changasi

2016

BioMed Research International

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Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) transmitted by the tsetse fly continues to be a public health issue, despite more than a century of research. There are two types of the disease, the chronic gambiense and the acute rhodesiense-HAT. Fly abundance and distribution have been affected by changes in land-use patterns and climate. However, disease transmission still continues. Here, we review some aspects of HAT ecoepidemiology in the context of altered infestation patterns and maintenance of the transmission cycle as well as emerging options in disease and vector control.

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Section: Emerging Options In Disease and Vector Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tsetse Flies (Glossina) as Vectors of Human African Trypanosomiasis: A Review

Wamwiri

Changasi

2016

BioMed Research International

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“…However, other explanations must not be ruled out, such as a separate role for low luminance in attraction, or the involvement of polarotaxis for which dark surfaces are particularly effective in providing polarised light cues [ 20 , 46 ]. Studies of a range of Glossina species have reported decreased catches using blue/black combination e-cloths, when the cloth panels inside the electrocuting grids were covered by an adhesive sheet that absorbed UV wavelengths [ 47 , 48 , 49 ]. This resulted from decreased tsetse catch over the black portion of the cloth panel only.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In these studies the UV reflectance of the black cloth was low, meaning that this result is unlikely to be explained by an effect of the UV manipulation on the R7p mechanism described in the current analysis. Since the adhesive film absorbed wavelengths below 400 nm [ 49 ], it would have affected not only the repellent R7p response (shorter wavelength UV), but also the attractive R7y response (UV-blue), and may thus have had complex effects on the mechanism of attraction. It is also possible that the adhesive sheet affected other visual cues, such as the polarisation of reflected light [ 44 , 45 , 46 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Receptor-Based Explanation for Tsetse Fly Catch Distribution between Coloured Cloth Panels and Flanking Nets

Santer

2015

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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Tsetse flies transmit trypanosomes that cause nagana in cattle, and sleeping sickness in humans. Therefore, optimising visual baits to control tsetse is an important priority. Tsetse are intercepted at visual baits due to their initial attraction to the bait, and their subsequent contact with it due to landing or accidental collision. Attraction is proposed to be driven in part by a chromatic mechanism to which a UV-blue photoreceptor contributes positively, and a UV and a green photoreceptor contribute negatively. Landing responses are elicited by stimuli with low luminance, but many studies also find apparently strong landing responses when stimuli have high UV reflectivity, which would imply that UV wavelengths contribute negatively to attraction at a distance, but positively to landing responses at close range. The strength of landing responses is often judged using the number of tsetse sampled at a cloth panel expressed as a proportion of the combined catch of the cloth panel and a flanking net that samples circling flies. I modelled these data from two previously published field studies, using calculated fly photoreceptor excitations as predictors. I found that the proportion of tsetse caught on the cloth panel increased with an index representing the chromatic mechanism driving attraction, as would be expected if the same mechanism underlay both long- and close-range attraction. However, the proportion of tsetse caught on the cloth panel also increased with excitation of the UV-sensitive R7p photoreceptor, in an apparently separate but interacting behavioural mechanism. This R7p-driven effect resembles the fly open-space response which is believed to underlie their dispersal towards areas of open sky. As such, the proportion of tsetse that contact a cloth panel likely reflects a combination of deliberate landings by potentially host-seeking tsetse, and accidental collisions by those seeking to disperse, with a separate visual mechanism underlying each behaviour.

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“…This is due to the addition of a UV absorber in the glue. In addition, spectrophotometric measurements of light reflected from adhesive film applied onto the same fabrics used in this study indicate that all wavelengths in the UV range were mostly absorbed by the fabrics [ 43 ]. In the 2010 Angolan trial, a 1 x 1 m square of adhesive film alone (without any cloth backing) was compared to cloth targets with adhesive film attached to both sides to ascertain whether adhesive film in itself attracts flies.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent research on riverine or Palpalis group tsetse has shown that much smaller targets (0.25–0.5 m 2 ) can capture more flies per m 2 than larger targets and would be more cost-effective in programmes targeting species such as Glossina fuscipes fuscipes and G . palpalis palp alis [ 40 – 43 ]. In contrast, for savannah species such as G .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Standardising visual control devices for Tsetse: East and Central African Savannah species Glossina swynnertoni, Glossina morsitans centralis and Glossina pallidipes

Byamungu¹,

Zacarie²,

M'Pondi

et al. 2018

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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BackgroundThis study focused on the savannah tsetse species Glossina swynnertoni and G. morsitans centralis, both efficient vectors of human and animal trypanosomiasis in, respectively, East and Central Africa. The aim was to develop long-lasting, practical and cost-effective visually attractive devices that induce the strongest landing responses in these two species for use as insecticide-impregnated tools in population suppression.Methods and findingsTrials were conducted in different seasons and years in Tanzania (G. swynnertoni) and in Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC, G. m. centralis) to measure the performance of traps (pyramidal and epsilon) and targets of different sizes, shapes and colours, with and without chemical baits, at different population densities and under different environmental conditions. Adhesive film was used to catch flies landing on devices at the remote locations to compare tsetse-landing efficiencies. Landing rates by G. m. centralis in both Angola and the DRC were highest on blue-black 1 m2 oblong and 0.5 m2 square and oblong targets but were not significantly different from landings on the pyramidal trap. Landings by G. swynnertoni on 0.5 m2 blue-black oblong targets were likewise not significantly lower than on equivalent 1 m2 square targets. The length of target horizontal edge was closely correlated with landing rate. Blue-black 0.5 m2 targets performed better than equivalents in all-blue for both G. swynnertoni and G. m. centralis, although not consistently. Baiting with chemicals increased the proportion of G. m. centralis entering pyramidal traps.ConclusionsThis study confirms earlier findings on G. swynnertoni that smaller visual targets, down to 0.5 m2, would be as efficient as using 1 m2 targets for population management of this species. This is also the case for G. m. centralis. An insecticide-impregnated pyramidal trap would also constitute an effective control device for G. m. centralis.

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Standardizing Visual Control Devices for Tsetse Flies: East African Species Glossina fuscipes fuscipes and Glossina tachinoides

Cited by 12 publications

References 31 publications

Tsetse Flies (Glossina) as Vectors of Human African Trypanosomiasis: A Review

Tsetse Flies (Glossina) as Vectors of Human African Trypanosomiasis: A Review

A Receptor-Based Explanation for Tsetse Fly Catch Distribution between Coloured Cloth Panels and Flanking Nets

Standardising visual control devices for Tsetse: East and Central African Savannah species Glossina swynnertoni, Glossina morsitans centralis and Glossina pallidipes

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