Tsetse Flies (<i>Glossina</i>) as Vectors of Human African Trypanosomiasis: A Review

Wamwiri, Florence N.; Changasi, Robert E.

doi:10.1155/2016/6201350

Cited by 62 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 95 publications

(99 reference statements)

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“…Wildlife acts as hosts and influences the survival of tsetse due to a constant supply of food (i.e., blood). Furthermore, game parks act as breeding grounds [30,64]. Thus, the observed prevalence in proximity to the National Park should not be surprising.…”

Section: Tsetse Prevalence and Distribution Patternsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…This approach requires a sound understanding of the spatial dynamics of human and animal trypanosomiasis, connectivity across the landscape and good coordination ability [3,29]. A sub-regional study in eastern and southern Africa, [30] opined that changes in land-use patterns and climate affected fly abundance and distribution. Furthermore, recent distribution patterns have become more confined to protected areas such as game parks and reserves.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This effect arises because the socioecological system connections within the drylands include the intricate interactions among the environment, vectors, their relationships with humans and the transmission of bacteria, viruses or protozoa [35,36]. Consequently, numerous studies on tsetse distribution, prevalence and trypanosome infection risk have been conducted [3,30]. However, there is a paucity of information Successful vector control requires sound coordination of the on ground measures that are founded on detailed knowledge of the vector's distribution, movement patterns, connectivity across socioecological systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A sub-regional study in eastern and southern Africa, ref. [30] opined that changes in land-use patterns and climate affected fly abundance and distribution. Furthermore, recent distribution patterns have become more confined to protected areas such as game parks and reserves.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tsetse Invasion as an Emerging Threat to Socioecological Resilience of Pastoral Communities in Karamoja, Uganda

et al. 2020

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Over 70% of Uganda is infested by the tsetse fly, which has negative effects on human and livestock health. From colonial to post-independent Uganda, the Government of Uganda has worked to eradicate the tsetse menace. Despite these efforts, recent veterinary reports from the Karamoja sub-region have indicated widespread tsetse invasion. This study investigated the potential impact of tsetse invasion on the socioecological resilience of pastoral communities in the Karamoja sub-region. Results indicated that tsetse invasion is spreading from north to south of Karamoja. The tsetse transmission route emerging from southern Karamoja is perceived to be a continuation of the tsetse belt from West Pokot, Kenya. Cases of livestock deaths, livestock abortions, decreased milk yields, restricted access to prime grazing lands, heightened human-wildlife conflicts and disruption on crop cultivation have been reported. A computed socioecological resilience index in the study area was positive but low. Owing to the transboundary characteristics of tsetse invasions and sources and the associated documented effects, an urgent, strategic and system-wide intervention should be undertaken to control the tsetse invasion in this sub-region. software, J.O. and J.P.M.; validation, A.E., J.O., J.P.M. and B.B.; formal analysis, A.E., J.O. and J.P.M.; investigation, A.E. and J.O.; resources, A.E.; data curation, J.O., J.P.M. and A.S.; writing-original draft preparation, A.E.; writing-review and editing, A.E., J.O., B.B., and A.S.; visualization, A.E., J.O., B.B. and A.S.; supervision, J.J.N.; project administration, A.E.; funding acquisition, A.E. and J.J.N. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Section: Tsetse Prevalence and Distribution Patternsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tsetse Invasion as an Emerging Threat to Socioecological Resilience of Pastoral Communities in Karamoja, Uganda

et al. 2020

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“…Endosymbionts have been shown to influence the susceptibility of tsetse flies to trypanosomes [18]. Wigglesworthia glossinidia, Sodalis glossinidius , and Wolbachia pipentis are well-defined tsetse fly endosymbionts with direct and indirect effects on the tsetse fly vectorial capacity [19]. Despite numerous studies on the influence of endosymbionts on vectorial competence [13,14,20–22], studies on the presence and influence of tsetse fly endosymbionts in wildlife-livestock-human interfaces are scant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tsetse blood-meal sources, endosymbionts, and trypanosome infections provide insight into African trypanosomiasis transmission in the Maasai Mara National Reserve, a wildlife-human-livestock interface

Makhulu

Villinger

Adung’a

et al. 2020

Preprint

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36 Background: African trypanosomiasis (AT) is a neglected disease of both humans and animals 37 caused by Trypanosoma parasites, which are transmitted by obligate hematophagous tsetse flies 38 (Glossina spp.). Understanding of AT transmission is hampered by limited knowledge on 39 interactions of tsetse flies with their vertebrate hosts and the influence of endosymbionts on 40 vector competence, especially in wildlife-human-livestock interfaces. We identified the tsetse 41 species, their blood-meal sources, and the correlation between endosymbiont and trypanosome 42 infection status in the trypanosome-endemic Maasai Mara National Reserve (MMNR) of Kenya.3 43 Methodology/Principal Findings: Among 1167 tsetse flies (1136 Glossina pallidipes, 31 44 Glossina swynnertoni) collected from 10 sampling sites, 28 (2.4%) were positive by PCR for 45 trypanosomes, majority (17/28) being Trypanosoma vivax. Blood-meal analyses based on high-46 resolution melting analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 and cytochrome b gene 47 PCR products (n = 345) identified humans as the most common vertebrate host (37%), followed 48 by hippopotamus (29.1%), African buffalo (26.3%), elephant (3.39%) , and giraffe (0.84%).49 Trypanosome-infected flies had fed on hippopotamus and buffalo. Additionally, PCR analysis 50 revealed that tsetse flies were more likely to be infected with trypanosomes if they were infected 51 with the Sodalis glossinidius endosymbiont (P = 0.0022 Fisher's exact test).52 Conclusions/Significance: Diverse species of wildlife hosts may contribute to the maintenance 53 of tsetse populations and/or persistent circulation of African trypanosomes in the MMNR.54 Although the African buffalo is known to be a key reservoir of AT, the higher proportion of 55 hippopotamus blood-meals in trypanosomes-infected flies identified here indicates that other 56 wildlife species may also be important to transmission cycles. No trypanosomes associated with 57 human disease were identified, but the high proportion of human blood-meals identified are 58 indicative of human African trypanosomiasis transmission risk. Furthermore, this work provides 59 data showing that Sodalis endosymbionts can is associated with increased trypanosome infection 60 rates in endemic ecologies. 61Author summary 62 Human and animal African trypanosomiasis are neglected tropical diseases with potential to 63 spread to new areas. Wild animals are important reservoirs for African trypanosomes and crucial 64 in the emergence and re-emergence of AT. Vertebrate host-vector-parasite interactions are 65 integral to trypanosome transmission. We investigated the vertebrate blood-meals and 4 66 trypanosomes-endosymbionts co-infections in tsetse flies, which have been associated with 67 reservoirs and vector competence, respectively, on AT transmission in Kenya's Maasai Mara 68 National Reserve. We identified tsetse fly diversity, trypanosome and endosymbiont infection 69 status, and vertebrate blood-meal hosts to infer potential transmission dynamics. We found 70...

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Tractable Quinolone Hydrazides Exhibiting Sub‐Micromolar and Broad Spectrum Antitrypanosomal Activities

Chirwa,

Francisco,

Dube

et al. 2024

ChemMedChem

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Nagana and Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), caused by (sub)species of Trypanosoma, are diseases that impede human and animal health, and economic growth in Africa. The few drugs available have drawbacks including suboptimal efficacy, adverse effects, drug resistance, and difficult routes of administration. New drugs are needed. A series of 20 novel quinolone compounds with affordable synthetic routes was made and evaluated in vitro against Trypanosoma brucei and HEK293 cells. Of the 20 compounds, 12 had sub‐micromolar potencies against the parasite (EC50 values = 0.051‐0.57 µM), and most were non‐toxic to HEK293 cells (CC50 values >5 µM). Two of the most potent compounds presented sub‐micromolar activities against other trypanosome (sub)species (T. cruzi and T. b. rhodesiense). Although aqueous solubility is poor, both compounds possess good logD values (2‐3), and either robust or poor microsomal stability profiles. These varying attributes will be addressed in future reports.

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Tsetse Flies (Glossina) as Vectors of Human African Trypanosomiasis: A Review

Cited by 62 publications

References 95 publications

Tsetse Invasion as an Emerging Threat to Socioecological Resilience of Pastoral Communities in Karamoja, Uganda

Tsetse Invasion as an Emerging Threat to Socioecological Resilience of Pastoral Communities in Karamoja, Uganda

Tsetse blood-meal sources, endosymbionts, and trypanosome infections provide insight into African trypanosomiasis transmission in the Maasai Mara National Reserve, a wildlife-human-livestock interface

Tractable Quinolone Hydrazides Exhibiting Sub‐Micromolar and Broad Spectrum Antitrypanosomal Activities

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