Standardization of clinical protocols in oral malodor research

Abstract

The objective of this study is to standardize protocols for clinical research into oral malodor caused by volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs). To detect VSCs, a gas chromatograph (GC) using a flame photometric detector equipped with a bandpass filter (at 393 nm) is the gold standard (sensitivity: 5 × 10(-11) gS s(-1)). The baselines of VSC concentrations in mouth air varied considerably over a week. When the subjects refrained from eating, drinking and oral hygiene including mouth rinsing, the VSC concentrations remained constant until eating. Over a 6 h period after a meal, VSC concentrations decreased dramatically (p < 0.01). These results point to optimal times and conditions for sampling subjects. Several portable devices were compared with the measurements by the GCs. Portable GCs demonstrated capabilities similar to those of the GCs. We also applied the recommended protocols described below to clinical research testing the efficacy of ZnCl(2) products, and confirmed that using the recommended protocols in a randomized crossover design would provide very clear results. Proposed protocols include: (a) a short-term study rather than a long-term study is strongly recommended, since the VSC concentrations are constant in the short term; (b) a crossover study would be the best design to avoid the effects of individual specificities on each clinical intervention; (c) measurements of VSCs should preferably be carried out using either a GC or portable GCs.

The effect of periodontal therapy on intra‐oral halitosis: a case series

“…The sample of air is collected via a 1 ml syringe, which is injected in the OralChroma ™ , after 8 minutes the concentration of the three gases is displayed in ppb or ng/10 ml (Murata et al 2006, Tangerman & Winkel 2008). Thus, Yaegaki et al (2012) reported that the detection limit for each gas was 0.54 ng/10 ml. According to the manufacturer of the OralChroma ™ device the following cut-off values for intra-oral halitosis have been proposed; H 2 S ≥ 122 ppb, MM ≥ 26 33 ppb and for DMS ≥ 8 ppb , Laleman et al 2014).…”

Application of a portable gas chromatograph for quantitative measurement of canine oral malodor

“…After 4 min, the process was completed and the concentrations of three VSCs were determined by a calibration curve inside the OralChroma TM , and were displayed in either ng/mL or ppb. As spontaneous fluctuation in oral air samples has been demonstrated in several studies (Yaegaki et al, 2012;Tangerman and Winkel, 2007), three oral air samples were taken at each time point and these values were averaged.…”

Working Title: Hydrogen Sulfide - Biochemical and Biological Considerations

“…In the oral environment among other volatile sulfur compounds, H 2 S is an important compound in the development of physiological and pathological halitosis [5]. Together with periodontal disorders and dental caries, halitosis or oral malodor represents one of the main causes for which patients visit dental practices.…”