Standardization of 18F for use in positron-emission tomography

Coursey, Bert M.; Hoppes, D.D.; Unterweger, Michael P.; Malonda, A. Grau; Margolin, Richard; Kessler, Romain; Manning, Ronald G.

doi:10.1016/0020-708x(83)90186-2

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…In July of 1982, a second experiment was performed in collaboration with NIH [ 37 ]. The results of the primary standardization were applied to the calibration of a dose calibrator, a PET scanner, and a NaI(Tl) well-type gamma counter at NIH.…”

Section: Results Of Primary Standardizations Of 18 mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The results of the primary standardization were applied to the calibration of a dose calibrator, a PET scanner, and a NaI(Tl) well-type gamma counter at NIH. LS counting efficiencies were calculated as described in [ 37 ] to yield ε F-18 = 0.951 to 0.957. Two scintillants, Instagel and Picofluor 15 (Packard Instrument Co., Downers Grove, IL), were used with several scintillation vial types and levels of filling.…”

Section: Results Of Primary Standardizations Of 18 mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to Ref. [ 37 ], the 18 F source used in these experiments was “carrier-free fluoride ion in normal saline (0.9 % NaCl w/v)”; however, the shipping invoice from July 1982 indicates that the material was [ 18 F]FDG. The 18 F was produced at the Naval Research Laboratory, which makes the delivery of [ 18 F]FDG unlikely.…”

Section: Results Of Primary Standardizations Of 18 mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Primary activity standards for 18 F have been independently established by many national metrology institutes (NMIs) [ 22 – 36 ], including the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) [ 25 , 37 – 39 ]. Table 1 provides a summary (not exhaustive) of these efforts; Zimmerman recently provided a similar summary [ 40 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of NIST Primary Activity Standards for 18F: 1982 to 2013

Bergeron¹,

Cessna²,

Coursey³

et al. 2014

J. RES. NATL. INST. STAN.

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The new NIST activity standardization for 18F, described in 2014 in Applied Radiation and Isotopes (v. 85, p. 77), differs from results obtained between 1998 and 2008 by 4 %. The new results are considered to be very reliable; they are based on a battery of robust primary measurement techniques and bring the NIST standard into accord with other national metrology institutes. This paper reviews all ten 18F activity standardizations performed at NIST from 1982 to 2013, with a focus on experimental variables that might account for discrepancies. We have identified many possible sources of measurement bias and eliminated most of them, but we have not adequately accounted for the 1998–2008 results.

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Section: Results Of Primary Standardizations Of 18 mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Results Of Primary Standardizations Of 18 mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Results Of Primary Standardizations Of 18 mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A Review of NIST Primary Activity Standards for 18F: 1982 to 2013

Bergeron¹,

Cessna²,

Coursey³

et al. 2014

J. RES. NATL. INST. STAN.

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“…Although NIST has developed primary standards for positron-emitting radionuclides such as 18 F and 62 Cu in the past (1)(2)(3)(4), it is nearly impossible to prepare and distribute artifact standards of these radionuclides because of their short half-lives (on the order of minutes). As a potential solution, NIST recently developed a primary standard for the relatively long-lived (half-life, 270.95(16) d) radionuclide 68 Ge in equilibrium with its positron-emitting decay daughter, 68 Ga (5), for the first time.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Traceable Calibration Methodology for Solid⁶⁸Ge/⁶⁸Ga Sources Used as a Calibration Surrogate for¹⁸F in Radionuclide Activity Calibrators

Zimmerman

Cessna

2010

J Nucl Med

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We have developed a methodology for calibrating 68 Ge radioactivity content in a commercially available calibration source for activity calibrators in a way that is traceable to the national standard. Additionally, the source was cross-calibrated for equivalent 18 F content by direct comparison with the national standard for 18 F in the same geometry. Methods: Sources containing standardized 68 GeCl 4 or 18 F-FDG solutions were prepared at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) with mock syringe blanks used in the construction of a commercially available epoxy-based 68 Ge calibration source. These sources and several NIST-constructed epoxy-based 68 Ge mock syringes were then used as artifact standards to determine calibration factors for NIST-maintained activity calibrators and secondary standard ionization chambers to enable calibration of the actual commercial sources. A direct comparison between the solution-based 68 Ge sources and the 18 F-FDG sources allowed for an empiric determination of the relative response for these radionuclides in several commercial activity calibrators. Potential measurement effects due to differences between the solution composition and the epoxy and theoretic 68 Ge-to-18 F response ratios were studied by Monte Carlo simulation. Results: The calibration factors developed in this study enabled NIST to calibrate epoxy-based mock syringe sources with a relative combined standard uncertainty of 0.52%. The direct comparisons of the 68 Ge and 18 F standards in the various ionization chambers allowed the activity to be expressed in terms of equivalent 18 F activity with a relative combined standard uncertainty of about 0.9%. Conclusion: The ability for NIST to calibrate these epoxybased mock syringes enabled, for the first time to our knowledge, the direct traceability to the national 68 Ge standard to be established for this type of source. Through a direct comparison with the NIST 18 F standard, the determination of the relative response ratios in activity calibrators enabled the equivalent 18 F activity to be determined in a way that was also traceable to the national 18 F activity standard. The ability to obtain quantitative data from PET studies has led to an increase in its use in drug discovery. The comparability of results of biodistribution studies across a population of patients in multiple clinical sites using imaging data acquired with different scanners and analyzed with different algorithms requires the data to be linked to a common standard to reliably draw conclusions about differences in patient response. Moreover, the ability to discern small changes in tumor metabolism during a course of treatment can be realized only if there is a way to ensure that the calibrations of all the associated measurement instrumentation (e.g., activity calibrators, commonly known as dose calibrators, and PET scanners) are constant over time.The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is the national metrology institute of the United States and is responsib...

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