Standard Propagation Channel Models for MIMO Communication Systems

Abstract

The field of wireless communication networks has witnessed a dramatic change over the last decade due to sophisticated technologies deployed to satisfy various demands peculiar to different data-intensive wireless applications. Consequently, this has led to the aggressive use of the available propagation channels to fulfill the minimum quality of service (QoS) requirement. A major barometer used to gauge the performance of a wireless communication system is the spectral efficiency (SE) of its communication channels. A key technology used to improve SE substantially is the multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technique. This article presents a detailed survey of MIMO channel models in wireless communication systems. First, we present the general MIMO channel model and identified three major MIMO channel models, viz., the physical, analytical, and standardized models. The physical models describe the MIMO channel using physical parameters. The analytical models show the statistical features of the MIMO channel with respect to the measured data. The standardized models provide a unified framework for modern radio propagation architecture, advanced signal processing, and cutting-edge multiple access techniques. Additionally, we examined the strengths and limitations of the existing channel models and discussed model design, development, parameterization, implementation, and validation. Finally, we present the recent 3GPP-based 3D channel model, the transitioning from 2D to 3D channel modeling, discuss open issues, and highlight vital lessons learned for future research exploration in MIMO communication systems.

Millimeter-Wave Smart Antenna Solutions for URLLC in Industry 4.0 and Beyond

“…Furthermore, for the wideband properties of 60 GHz channels, severe hurdles for MIMO communications may be created, particularly in multi-user scenarios. A detailed survey of MIMO channel models in wireless communication is presented in [ 161 ]. It is worthwhile to investigate adaptable systems that adjust to changing channel circumstances to attain the required performance.…”

Terahertz Wireless Channels: A Holistic Survey on Measurement, Modeling, and Analysis

“…Physical channel models characterize the statistics of the double-directional channel characteristics, such as power delay profile, arrival time and angle distribution, which are all independent of the antenna characteristics. In contrast, analytical models directly characterize the impulse response of the channel and antenna characteristics in a mathematical way without explicitly accounting for wave propagation [155], [156].…”

“…CBSMs are usually used to evaluate the performance of massive MIMO systems due to their low complexity at the cost of spatial determinism capability [24]. However, the aforementioned conventional CBSMs did not consider the near-field effect and non-stationarity, making them not suitable for massive MIMO channel modeling [156]. To utilize these models in UM-MIMO scenarios in the THz band, [173] considered dropping the far-field assumption and proposed to use a beam-domain channel model (BDCM).…”

“…To utilize these models in UM-MIMO scenarios in the THz band, [173] considered dropping the far-field assumption and proposed to use a beam-domain channel model (BDCM). Furthermore, [156] describes a BDCM that includes the near-field effect, spherical wavefront and spacetime non-stationarity.…”

Performance Analysis of Massive MIMO-OFDM System Incorporated with Various Transforms for Image Communication in 5G Systems

“…Channel hardening precisely refers to a condition when the number of transmitting antennae is large enough to decimate the randomness in the communication channel. As a result, the channel between users and the BS becomes flat with an almost constant gain and additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) with minimal impact of fading channels and frequency selective fading [19]. Additionally, channel hardening can simplify channel estimation at the users' terminals (i.e., downlink (DL)), while in uplink (UL) the BS runs the channel estimation with the aid of received pilots from each user relying on channel reciprocity between UL and DL in the time division duplexing (TDD) mode [20].…”