Standard methods forApis melliferapropolis research

Abstract

Propolis is one of the most fascinating honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) products. It is a plant derived product that bees\ud produce from resins that they collect from different plant organs and with which they mix beeswax. Propolis is a building\ud material and a protective agent in the bee hive. It also plays an important role in honey bee social immunity, and is\ud widely used by humans as an ingredient of nutraceuticals, over-the-counter preparations and cosmetics. Its chemical\ud composition varies by geographic location, climatic zone and local flora. The understanding of the chemical diversity of\ud propolis is very important in propolis research. In this manuscript, we give an overview of the available methods for\ud studying propolis in different aspects: propolis in the bee colony; chemical composition and plant sources of propolis;\ud biological activity of propolis with respect to bees and humans; and approaches for standardization and quality control\ud for the purposes of industrial application

Resin foraging dynamics in Varroa destructor‐infested hives: a case of medication of kin?

“…Newly produced propolis was sampled in between recording periods using specific collection nets placed above nest‐combs (Bankova et al ., ). In October 2014, 12 propolis samples were collected from colonies with different colony strength and mite infestation level.…”

Metabolomics Reveals Discrimination of Chinese Propolis from Different Climatic Regions

“…Fundamentally, the climatic characteristics are vital factors that affect the biosynthesis of active compounds and, further, the biological activities of propolis samples [39]. The research on the discrimination of propolis is an indispensable part of the standardization of propolis product.…”

The chemical composition and events related to the cytotoxic effects of propolis on osteosarcoma cells: A comparative assessment of Colombian samples

“…The antioxidant and antiradical activity are very important characteristics of propolis (Bankova et al, ). Here, the most active samples were Fus, Met, Val, Boy, and Ant, belonging to the larger group obtained by PCA, characterized by significant amounts of prenylated benzophenones, which are known to display a good antiradical activity (Trusheva et al, 2006).…”

“…Here, the most active samples were Fus, Met, Val, Boy, and Ant, belonging to the larger group obtained by PCA, characterized by significant amounts of prenylated benzophenones, which are known to display a good antiradical activity (Trusheva et al, 2006). Propolis from different regions present antioxidant properties despite their different composition (Bankova et al, ; Kocot, Kiełczykowska, Luchowska‐Kocot, Kurzepa, & Musik, ). Cao et al () verified that Chinese propolis induced the expression of antioxidant‐related genes namely HO‐1, GCLM, and GCLC.…”

“…Split ratio 1:20, injector temperature 280°C, and ionization voltage 70 eV. The identification of the compounds was performed using NIST98 and Wiley mass spectral databases and comparison of mass spectra and retention time of reference compounds as well as by using literature (Bankova et al, ).…”