Stand structure as the basis of diversity index

Lähde, Erkki; Laiho, Olavi; Norokorpi, Y.; Saksa, Timo

doi:10.1016/s0378-1127(98)00400-9

Cited by 87 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…High diversity of a stand is often defined as the occurrence of many different species, which is a simplification, because the spatial variation of tree size, occurrence of dead trees, dead trees, etc. are of the same importance (Lähde et al 1999;McElhiny et al 2005). The stand diversity affects the formation of specific habitats of many organisms (Buongiorno et al 1994;Lähde et al 1999;Pretzsch 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…are of the same importance (Lähde et al 1999;McElhiny et al 2005). The stand diversity affects the formation of specific habitats of many organisms (Buongiorno et al 1994;Lähde et al 1999;Pretzsch 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The forest ecosystem structure depends on a number of factors of biotic and abiotic, as well as of anthropogenic nature, and foremost among them are the processes of forest growth and development, regeneration, survival and mortality of individuals, competition and cooperation between individuals (Lähde et al 1999). Most of the ecological processes are both spatial and temporal and their intensity varies with stand age, conditioning its dynamics (Gadow et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most of the ecological processes are both spatial and temporal and their intensity varies with stand age, conditioning its dynamics (Gadow et al 2012). Currently, it is obvious that stands characterised by a great diversity of age, species composition and size of trees have a higher biological stability (Lähde et al 1999;Pretzsch 2010;Brzeziecki et al 2013). The significance of the biological stability in the management of forest resources is included, inter alia, in the definition of sustainable forest management (Pommerening, Murphy 2004), and the benefits of forming a structurally diverse forest stands are well known.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Do natural processes at the juvenile stage of stand development differentiate the spatial structure of trees in artificially established forest stands?

Szmyt

Korzeniewicz

2014

Forest Research Papers

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Abstract. Structural diversity is one of the most interesting phenomena that have been studied by forest ecologists and practitioners. Amongst the different characteristics of forest structure, spatial diversity of trees and their attributes seem to be very important The more spatially structured a population is, the higher its diversity in terms of size and species richness. Because most forests in Europe are managed and were artificially established, they are subjected to conversion processes turning them into more complex systems. The approach presented here aims at elucidating whether natural processes, such as self-thinning, can cause the self-differentiation of spatial structure in artificially planted stands.Our analyses focused on untended Scots pine and pedunculate oak stands in the juvenile phase of development and were based on spatially explicit structural indices for positioning and size differentiation (diameter, total height and crown length). The obtained results indicate that live trees were dispersed more or less regularly. Unlike the angle based index, which mostly indicated randomness in tree location, a distance-based index showed clear regularity. We also found that the distribution of tree attributes auto-correlates to tree location as indicated by significantly tower index values compared to values resulting from random reassignment of the examined attributes. This low degree of spatial differentiation is further confirmed by the distribution of indices in differentiation classes. Our results allow us to conclude that, in the case of light demanding species (pine and oak.), natural processes do not increase spatial diversity of the stand, although, both species showed a certain degree of deviation in this respect.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Do natural processes at the juvenile stage of stand development differentiate the spatial structure of trees in artificially established forest stands?

Szmyt

Korzeniewicz

2014

Forest Research Papers

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“…Supplementing this knowledge may lead to the development of new rational management principles that take into account naturally occurring ecological processes. Skilfully undertaken management activities may lead to an increased structural diversity of stands, which in the case of artificial populations is especially important, not only ecologically but also economically (Latham et al 1998;Lähde et al 1999;Lexerød, Eid 2006). One of the factors determining the dynamics of a tree stand is the way the trees occur on the surface area, as this determines the influence of various ecological processes (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial diversity of planted and untended silver birch (Betula pendula L.) stands

Szmyt¹,

Korzeniewicz²

2012

Forest Research Papers

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Abstract. The aim of this paper was to describe changes in the spatial distribution of living trees in planted and untended birch stands, as well as to determine the spatial differentiation of the diameters and height of their constituent trees. Analysis was performed in 9-and 39-year old stands.The structural diversity of birch stands was described using the following spatial indices: Clark-Evans index (CE), spatial differentiation index for DBH (TD) and height (TH). The CE index describes the horizontal distribution of trees within a stand and the TD/TH indices indicate the size differentiation between neighbouring trees within a stand (DBH and H, respectively). The indices mentioned above concern small spatial scales. Our results indicate a regular spatial distribution of living trees on the ground at age nine, shown by high CE index. After 30 further years of stand development CE values were distinctly lower and no longer significantly different from the value for a random distribution of trees. At age 39, the 2 stands had a random spatial distribution and in the planted stand living trees still retained a regular spatial arrangement. Analysing the spatial differentiation of diameter and height of trees revealed that there was little differentiation between neighbours in forest stands in neither their diameter and height. The highest average values for the TD index decreased for stands during the 30 years since their initial measurement at age nine. A similar trend was observed for height differentiation (TH),which decreased from a maximum at age nine.

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