Staging Models and Functional Outcomes in Bipolar Disorder: Clinical Implications

Clinical staging model in offspring of parents with bipolar disorder: a systematic review

“…One heuristic framework to improve the modelling of risk and onset of psychopathology is clinical staging. This framework proposes that disorders develop through a predictable temporal pathway and that stage‐appropriate treatment can modify and potentially prevent such a course . These models are usually conceptualized as stages, evolving from an at‐risk stage (Stage 0; e.g.…”

Areas of controversy in neuroprogression in bipolar disorder

“…The course of BD is highly variable, and a subset of patients seem to present a progressive course associated with brain changes . The notion that multiple episodes and relapses could lead to more severe psychopathology and intellectual impairment has been stated since the work of Griesinger in 1865 .…”

Enrichment of gene variants associated with treatable genetic disorders in psychiatric populations

“…1 Bipolar disorder (BPD) is an affective disorder characterized by periods of mania and depression, with a lifetime prevalence of up to 4%. 2 Up to 37% of BPD patients are treatment-resistant to first-line mood-stabilizing drugs. 2 Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the most common psychiatric disorder worldwide with a 16·2% lifetime prevalence and poor treatment response in up to 30% of patients.…”

“…2 Up to 37% of BPD patients are treatment-resistant to first-line mood-stabilizing drugs. 2 Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the most common psychiatric disorder worldwide with a 16·2% lifetime prevalence and poor treatment response in up to 30% of patients. 3 SCZ, BPD, and MDD have high heritability rates upwards of 0·85, 0·79, and 0·45, respectively.…”

“…4 Large concerted efforts to determine the causative genes for SCZ, BPD, and MDD through genome-wide association studies have identified numerous genes with only small effect sizes. [1][2][3][4] These studies have focused on identifying common variants, with less attention being attributed to rare, more penetrant variants.…”