Stack Development and Industrial Scale-Up

Geipel, Christian; Hauptmeier, Karl; Herbrig, Kai; Mittmann, Frank; Münch, M.; Pötschke, Martin; Reichel, Ludwig; Strohbach, Thomas; Seidel, Tobias; Surrey, Alexander R.; Walter, Christian

doi:10.1149/09101.0123ecst

Cited by 31 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The cell voltages and the inlet gas composition were similar to the current study. Latest published results of a 30 layer ESC stack test showed an ASR shift of 13 mΩ cm 2 (with temperature correction) for thermoneutral operation at ambient pressure . However, the stack design was slightly improved compared to the one used within the current study.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the Long‐term Stability of Solid Oxide Electrolysis Stacks under Pressurized Conditions in Exothermic Steam and Co‐electrolysis Mode

2020

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In this study three identically constructed ten-layer stacks with electrolyte supported cells were tested in exothermic steam and co-electrolysis mode at elevated pressures of 1.4 and 8 bar. Investigations during constant-current operation at a current density of-0.5 A cm-2 and a reactant conversion of 70% over 1,000-2,000 h were carried out. The inlet gas composition for steam electrolysis was 90/10 (H 2 O/H 2) and 63.7/31.3/3.3/1.7 (H 2 O/CO 2 /H 2 /CO) for co-electrolysis operation. All stacks showed highly similar resistances at the beginning of the tests indicating a high level of accuracy and repeatability during manufacturing. The stack operated in steam electrolysis mode at 1.4 bar showed comparably low degradation of 8 mV kh-1 cell-1 , whereas the stack operated at 8 bar showed an approximately four times higher degradation. The third stack was operated in co-electrolysis mode at 1.4 and 8 bar and showed noticeably higher degradation rates than during steam electrolysis mode. The predominant increase of the ohmic resistance during operation was identified to be mainly responsible for the observed degradation of all three stacks, whereas the increase of the polarization resistances played a subordinate role. Within the post-test analysis, noticeably high nickel depletion was observed for the stack operated at the highest pressure in steam electrolysis mode. Furthermore, partial delamination of electrodes was observed. The degradation is discussed with relation to phenomena and experimental parameters during operation.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the Long‐term Stability of Solid Oxide Electrolysis Stacks under Pressurized Conditions in Exothermic Steam and Co‐electrolysis Mode

2020

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“…Considering small mobile units, hydrogen, (direct [49]) methanol, or LPG [50] are the fuels of choice for low and high temperature fuel cells. Other fuels such as diesel, ethanol, ammonia or AdBlue™ have been evaluated in a number of cell/stack or system level tests but so far only limited fuel cell systems designed for such fuels are available.…”

Section: Selection Of Fuels For Fuel Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fuel flexibility of solid oxide fuel cells

Weber

2021

Fuel Cells

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One of the major advantages of SOFCs is their high fuel flexibility. Next to natural gas and hydrogen, which are today's most common fuels for SOFC-systems and cell-/stack-testing respectively, various other fuels are applicable as well. In the literature, a number of promising results show that available fuels as propane, butane, ammonia, gasoline, diesel etc. can be applied. Here, the performance of an anode supported cell operated in specialized single cell test benches with different gaseous and liquid fuels and reformates thereof is presented. Fuels as ammonia, dissolved urea (AddBlue TM ), methane/steam and ethanol/water mixtures can directly be fed to the cell, whereas propane and diesel require external reforming. It is shown that in case of a stable fuel supply the cell performance with such fuels is similar to that of appropriate mixtures of H 2 , N 2 , CO, CO 2 , and steam, if the impact of endothermic reforming or decomposition reactions is considered. Even though a stable fuel cell operation with such fuels is possible in a single cell test bench, it should be pointed out that an appropriate fuel processing will be mandatory on the system level.

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“…Therefore, megawatt reactors are expected to be designed as modular reactors with multiple sub-reactors in the near future. [1,2] Pressurization of SOFCs can provide several benefits to further increase the impact of this technology. First, it has a positive impact on Nernst voltage and reaction kinetics, leading to a higher reactor efficiency.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Operation of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Reactor with Multiple Stacks in a Pressured System with Fuel Gas Recirculation

et al. 2022

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Large‐scale modular solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) reactors composed of multiple stacks are regarded as an efficient form of power generation and important for the global energy transition. However, such an arrangement leads to several operational challenges, and methods are required for handling such challenges and understanding their sources. Hence, a test rig for the examination of a 30 kW SOFC reactor with multiple stacks, for operation near real system conditions, is built. The test rig, which allows operation at elevated pressure, is equipped with a high‐temperature blower that recirculates the fuel gas at SOFC reactor temperature. In a measurement campaign, fuel gas, reactant conversion, and pressure are varied in stationary and transient experiments. The experimental results showed that the operating conditions of the individual stacks of large SOFC reactors vary largely due to flow distribution and heat losses. Methods for the investigation of these critical characteristic parameters are derived from the experimental results. Furthermore, the impact of pressurization and fuel gas recirculation on the SOFC reactor is analyzed. This publication shows the need to understand the behavior of large SOFC reactors with multiple stacks to increase the performance and robustness of complete process systems.

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Stack Development and Industrial Scale-Up

Cited by 31 publications

References 4 publications

Investigation of the Long‐term Stability of Solid Oxide Electrolysis Stacks under Pressurized Conditions in Exothermic Steam and Co‐electrolysis Mode

Investigation of the Long‐term Stability of Solid Oxide Electrolysis Stacks under Pressurized Conditions in Exothermic Steam and Co‐electrolysis Mode

Fuel flexibility of solid oxide fuel cells

Operation of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Reactor with Multiple Stacks in a Pressured System with Fuel Gas Recirculation

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