Stable Transmission of<i>Dirofilaria repens</i>Nematodes, Northern Germany

Czajka, Christina; Becker, Norbert; Jöst, Hanna; Poppert, Sven; Schmidt‐Chanasit, Jonas; Krüger, Andreas; Tannich, Egbert

doi:10.3201/eid2002.131003

Cited by 45 publications

(32 citation statements)

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“…The first autochthonous canine D. repens infection in Germany was reported in 2004 (Hermosilla et al, 2006) and more positive dogs were detected in a sledge dog kennel in Brandenburg in 2007 and again in 2012 (Sassnau et al, 2009;. In addition, D. repens DNA found in local mosquitoes in Brandenburg (Czajka et al, 2014) as well as weather data showing that extrinsic development from L1 to infectious L3 was possible during 2001 to 2012 in Brandenburg (Sassnau and Genchi, 2013) Nevertheless, only 2 of 1023 dogs and none of the fox samples were positive for D. repens in this study. This is not sufficient to demonstrate endemic transmission of the parasite in Brandenburg, in particular since the origin of one dog was unknown and the other dog came from a local animal shelter and information of the history of this dog was also not available.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Furthermore, this zoonotic parasite as well as the heartworm D. immitis were found in local mosquito species from Brandenburg in the years 2011 and 2012 (Czajka et al, 2014) and was very recently detected in a human from Saxony-Anhalt (neighbouring state to Brandenburg) without travel history into endemic areas (Tappe et al, 2014). Due to these findings, it is currently considered to be an emerging infectious disease in Germany.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Vector-borne pathogens in dogs and red foxes from the federal state of Brandenburg, Germany

Liesner

Krücken

Schaper

et al. 2016

Veterinary Parasitology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Vector-borne pathogens in dogs and red foxes from the federal state of Brandenburg, Germany

Liesner

Krücken

Schaper

et al. 2016

Veterinary Parasitology

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“…)/ torrentium D. repens and D. immitis Italy [49], Serbia [39]Belarus [16], Italy [40, 46, 49, 58], Serbia [39], Turkey [50], Germany [53], Portugal [41], Hungary [63], Spain [42] Anopheles maculipennis ( s.l . ) D. repens and D. immitis Germany [53, 60], Austria [61], Hungary [38]Italy [40], Portugal [41] Aedes vexans D. repens Czech Republic [62], Germany [60], Hungary [38], Serbia [39], Slovakia [43, 44]Italy [58], Turkey [50] Culex modestus D. repens Hungary [38]Hungary [63] Aedes annulipes D. repens Hungary [38]– Culiseta annulata D. repens Germany [60]– Aedes caspius D. repens –Italy [58], Hungary [63], Portugal [41], Serbia [39] Aedes sticticus D. repens Hungary [38], Serbia [39] Coquillettidia richiardii D. repens Hungary [38]Serbia [39], Italy [40] …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circulation of Dirofilaria repens and Dirofilaria immitis in Moldova

et al. 2016

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BackgroundOver the last two decades, a significant spread of dirofilariasis has been observed in eastern and central Europe. However, data on the circulation of Dirofilaria spp. in Moldova were absent although direct neighbor states reported high incidence rates of human dirofilariasis.MethodsDaily mean temperature data were used to calculate Dirofilaria spp. development units, which were used to estimate the potential for complete extrinsic development in the mosquitoes (= sum of potential Dirofilaria spp. transmission days). In addition, 4,481 adult female mosquitoes were collected from 25 trapping sites. From 2010 to 2015, sampling was conducted with Centers for Disease Control miniature light traps, indoor resting mosquito collections as well as human landing catches in urban, rural and natural areas. Mosquitoes were analyzed for the presence of D. repens and D. immitis DNA using a duplex real-time PCR assay targeting nucleotide differences within the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (D. repens) and 16S rRNA gene fragment (D. immitis).ResultsThe average of the yearly sum of potential Dirofilaria spp. transmission days between 2010 and 2015 ranged from 90 to 140 days with an increasing gradient from the North to the South of Moldova. Positive mosquito pools for D. repens were found countrywide at 13 of the 25 trapping sites and in 17 of the 22 screened mosquito taxa (26.51% of all 347 tested pools), while D. immitis was detected only at 4 of the trapping sites (Center and South) in 4 different mosquito species (8.65% of all 347 tested pools). Highest infection rates (EIR) per 100 specimens for both Dirofilaria species were found in An. maculipennis (s.l.) (D. repens: EIR = 4.91; D. immitis: EIR = 2.01), whereas the most frequent mosquito taxon Cx. pipiens (s.l.)/torrentium had significantly lower infections rates (D. repens: EIR = 0.88; D. immitis: EIR = 0.47).ConclusionsThe temperature conditions in Moldova are suitable for transmission of Dirofilaria spp. within the entire country, which is supported by a wide distribution of Dirofilaria spp.-positive mosquitoes with high infection rates. The low number of reported human cases most likely does not reflect the current epidemiological situation of dirofilariasis in Moldova.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1916-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Recently, Tappe et al (2014) described the first autochthonous human case in Germany, after a series of cases in dogs in previous years had indicated the occurrence of D. repens there (Hermosilla et al 2006, Sassnau et al 2009). Since the parasite has also been repeatedly detected in a local mosquito population in Germany, a stable local transmission is now assumed (Czajka et al 2014;Kronefeld et al 2014). Adult D. repens live and mate mainly in the subcutaneous tissue and perimuscular fasciae and female worms release their offspring, the microfilariae (MF), into the blood stream.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Adulticidal Efficacy of Imidacloprid 10 %/Moxidectin 2.5 % (w/v) Spot-on (Advocate®, Advantage® Multi) against Dirofilaria repens in Experimentally Infected Dogs

Petry

Genchi

Schmidt³

et al. 2015

Parasitol Res

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This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of imidacloprid 10 %/moxidectin 2.5 % (w/v) spot-on (Advocate ® /Advantage ® Multi, Bayer) against adult Dirofilaria repens in a blinded, placebocontrolled randomised laboratory study. Twentyfour Beagle dogs were experimentally infected with approximately 75 infective D. repens larvae each on study day (SD) 0. Treatment was initiated on SD 228 after patency had been confirmed in 21 dogs, using a modified Knott Test. Eleven dogs received monthly treatments with imidacloprid/moxidectin at the minimum therapeutic dose (10 mg/kg imidacloprid and 2.5 mg/kg moxidectin) for six consecutive months and 12 control dogs were treated with a placebo formulation.Approximately one month after the last treatment, all dogs were euthanised and necropsied for the detection of D. repens worms. Eleven control dogs harboured live adult D. repens (range 2-11, geometric mean 5.44). Eight of 11 imidacloprid/moxidectin-treated dogs were free of live worms. The live worm count was reduced by 96.2 % (range 0-1, geometric mean 0.21). The majority of dead worms were encapsulated and degenerated. After the first treatment, Knott Tests were negative in all imidacloprid/moxidectin-treated dogs and this status was maintained in 10 dogs until study end. One dog showed a low microfilariae count (1 and 4/mL) on four occasions but was also negative before necropsy. The treatment was well tolerated by all study animals. It is concluded that six consecutive

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Stable Transmission ofDirofilaria repensNematodes, Northern Germany

Cited by 45 publications

References 8 publications

Vector-borne pathogens in dogs and red foxes from the federal state of Brandenburg, Germany

Vector-borne pathogens in dogs and red foxes from the federal state of Brandenburg, Germany

Circulation of Dirofilaria repens and Dirofilaria immitis in Moldova

Evaluation of the Adulticidal Efficacy of Imidacloprid 10 %/Moxidectin 2.5 % (w/v) Spot-on (Advocate®, Advantage® Multi) against Dirofilaria repens in Experimentally Infected Dogs

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