1996
DOI: 10.1007/bf03214742
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Stable strengthening of 990-gold

Abstract: The addition of 1wt% titanium to gold was found to substantially harden the precious metal and enhance its wear resistance, which makes it attractive for jewellery applications. The enhanced hardening is due to the formation of fine AU4Ti precipitates under the appropriate thermo-mechanical treatments. It has been shown that another hardening mechanism can be induced in wire having a diameter of less than lOO/lm, which is stable to heating in air up to 200°C. These observations are consistent with the formatio… Show more

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Cited by 15 publications
(8 citation statements)
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“…This discontinuity is attributed to a solid state reaction taking place between 400 and 500°C, because in this temperature range, hardening of the alloy with 1 wt % (≈4 atom %) Ti can be performed. 15,16 The solid state reaction must be attributable to an additional formation of the intermetallic phase TiAu 4 . As a result, the thermal expansion of the alloys decreases slightly.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…This discontinuity is attributed to a solid state reaction taking place between 400 and 500°C, because in this temperature range, hardening of the alloy with 1 wt % (≈4 atom %) Ti can be performed. 15,16 The solid state reaction must be attributable to an additional formation of the intermetallic phase TiAu 4 . As a result, the thermal expansion of the alloys decreases slightly.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Although the solid solution is weak, precipitations of the intermetallic phase hardens the alloy. 15 An alloy with 1 wt % (≈4 atom %) of Ti is already used in jewelry 16 and has been proposed for bonding wires in electronic applications. 15,17,18 Melting of the alloy for the casting procedure can be performed with induction melting in a crucible of graphite, zirconia, or alumina under argon or helium atmosphere.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Biosensors come in a large variety of sizes and shapes, and the can monitor changes in environment conditions, detect and measure concentrations of specific bacteria or hazardous chemicals, measure acidity levels (pH), etc. (Jacobson, 1996). There are many different ways to combine chemistry, physics, information and biology with suitable transducers that can lead to develop variety of biosensors supporting an unlimited number of applications.…”
Section: Bacterial Biosensorsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Work hardening is therefore increased by solid solution hardening and grain refining effects, leading to much higher strengthening levels and also to increased recrystallization temperatures (22). Precipitation hardening, which gives stronger effects than those of the doping elements discussed above, can be obtained, for example by titanium (23,24). However, this approach is not yet commonly used because it is generated mainly by alloying elements that increase the corrosion risk and often give ball hardnesses which are too high.…”
Section: Enhanced Doped Gold Bonding Wires With Higher Strength / Purmentioning
confidence: 99%