Stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans L.) and the behavior of grazing beef cattle

Dougherty, C. T.; Knapp, F. W.; Burrus, P. B.; Willis, D.C.; Burg, J. G.; Cornelius, P. L.; Bradley, N. W.

doi:10.1016/0168-1591(93)90138-f

Cited by 34 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), in particular, is a serious hematophagous pest with a cosmopolitan host range, feeding on bovids, equids, cervids, canines, and occasionally humans throughout much of the world. The stable fly’s painful bites disrupt livestock feeding behavior [3-6]; these bites can be numerous during heavy infestation, leading to reductions of productivity by over $2 billion USD [7]. In Australia, Brazil, and Costa Rica, dramatic increases in stable fly populations have coincided with the expansion of agricultural production where the vast accumulation of post-harvest byproducts are recognized as nutrient sources for development of immature stages [8-10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional genomics of the stable fly,Stomoxys calcitrans, reveals mechanisms underlying reproduction, host interactions, and novel targets for pest control

Pu¹,

Aksoy²,

et al. 2019

Preprint

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57Background: The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, is a major blood-feeding pest of livestock that 58 has near worldwide distribution, causing an annual cost of over $2 billion for control and product 59 loss in the United States alone. Control of these flies has been limited to increased sanitary 60 management practices and insecticide application for suppressing larval stages. Few genetic 61 and molecular resources are available to help in developing novel methods for controlling stable 62 flies. 63 64 Results: This study examines stable fly biology by utilizing a combination of high-quality 65 genome sequencing, microbiome analyses, and RNA-seq analyses targeting multiple 66 developmental stages and tissues. In conjunction, manual curation of over 1600 genes was 67 used to examine gene content related to stable fly reproduction, interactions with their host, 68 host-microbe dynamics, and putative routes for control. Most notable was establishment of 69 reproduction-associated genes and identification of expanded vision, chemosensation, immune 70 repertoire, and metabolic detoxification pathway gene families. 71 72 Conclusions: The combined sequencing, assembly, and curation of the male stable fly genome 73 followed by RNA-seq and downstream analyses provide insights necessary to understand the 74 biology of this important pest. These resources and knowledge will provide the groundwork for 75 expanding the tools available to control stable fly infestations. The close relationship of 76 Stomoxys to other blood-feeding (Glossina) and non-blood-feeding flies (medflies, Drosophila, 77 house flies) will allow for understanding the evolution of blood feeding among Cyclorrhapha 78 flies. 79 80 immunity 83 Additional File 1: Supplementary Material; Additional File 2: Supplementary Tables 84 Supplementary Dataset Files: 10 85 109 or a contaminated substrate to a susceptible host, association between specific vector and 110 pathogen is not necessary) of Equine infectious anemia, African swine fever, West Nile, and Rift 111 Valley Viruses, Trypanosoma spp., and Besnoitia spp. (reviewed by [13]). The apparent low 112 vector competence of stable flies implicates the importance of immune system pathways not 113 only in regulating larval survival in microbe-rich environments but also in the inability of 114 pathogens to survive and replicate in the adult midgut following ingestion [14-16]. 115 Stable fly mate location and recognition are largely dependent upon visual cues and contact 116 pheromones [17, 18], and gravid females identify suitable oviposition sites through a 117 combination of olfactory and contact chemostimuli along with physical cues [19, 20]. Since 118 stable flies infrequently associate with their hosts, feeding only 1 to 2 times per day, on-animal 119 5 and pesticide applications are less effective control efforts than those that integrate sanitation 120 practices with fly population suppression by way of traps [21]. Given the importance of 121 chemosensory and vision pathways, repellents have been ident...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional genomics of the stable fly,Stomoxys calcitrans, reveals mechanisms underlying reproduction, host interactions, and novel targets for pest control

Pu¹,

Aksoy²,

et al. 2019

Preprint

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“…Aedes aegypti can transmit LSDV for up to six days after infection [ 20 ], but this species is not present in Europe [ 21 ] and the similar species Aedes albopictus is essentially anthropophilic [ 22 ], which means it is very unlikely to be transported by a cattle truck and bite cattle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk of introduction of lumpy skin disease in France by the import of vectors in animal trucks

et al. 2018

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BackgroundThe lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a dsDNA virus belonging to the Poxviridae family and the Capripoxvirus genus. Lumpy skin diseases (LSD) is a highly contagious transboundary disease in cattle producing major economic losses. In 2014, the disease was first reported in the European Union (in Cyprus); it was then reported in 2015 (in Greece) and has spread through different Balkan countries in 2016. Indirect vector transmission is predominant at small distances, but transmission between distant herds and between countries usually occurs through movements of infected cattle or through vectors found mainly in animal trucks.Methods and principal findingsIn order to estimate the threat for France due to the introduction of vectors found in animal trucks (cattle or horses) from at-risk countries (Balkans and neighbours), a quantitative import risk analysis (QIRA) model was developed according to the international standard. Using stochastic QIRA modelling and combining experimental/field data and expert opinion, the yearly risk of LSDV being introduced by stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans), that travel in trucks transporting animals was between 6 x 10−5 and 5.93 x 10−3 with a median value of 89.9 x 10−5; it was mainly due to the risk related to insects entering farms in France from vehicles transporting cattle from the at-risk area. The risk related to the transport of cattle going to slaughterhouses or the transport of horses was much lower (between 2 x 10−7 and 3.73 x 10−5 and between 5 x 10−10 and 3.95 x 10−8 for cattle and horses, respectively). The disinsectisation of trucks transporting live animals was important to reduce this risk.Conclusion and significanceThe development of a stochastic QIRA made it possible to quantify the risk of LSD being introduced in France through the import of vectors that travel in trucks transporting animals. This tool is of prime importance because the LSD situation in the Balkans is continuously changing. Indeed, this model can be updated to process new information on vectors and the changing health situation, in addition to new data from the TRAde Control and Expert System (TRACES, EU database). This model is easy to adapt to different countries and to other vectors and diseases.

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“…High populations during the summer create pest problems for humans on beaches (King and Lenert 1936, Hansens 1951, Hogsette and Ruff 1985 and for cattle and other livestock on farms (Moon et al 1987;Dougherty et al 1993). Stable ßy infestations can reduce animal productivity by reducing weight gain (Campbell et al 1987(Campbell et al , 2001 and milk production (Schmidtmann 1985).…”

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confidence: 99%

Studies on the Effectiveness of Coroplast Sticky Traps for Sampling Stable Flies (Diptera: Muscidae), Including a Comparison to Alsynite

Beresford

Sutcliffe

2006

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Stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), are a blood-feeding pest of cattle worldwide. A new trapping material, Coroplast, was compared with Alsynite sticky traps based on the number, sex, and parity of stable flies caught. Coroplast sticky traps caught more stable flies than Alsynite (trap catches of 2384 versus 753 on 15 traps), with this increase attributed to catching more males (1531 versus 532) and nulliparous females (817 versus 175); parous catches were similar (36 versus 46). The spectral reflectance of Alsynite and Coroplast sticky traps is reported. We also examine Coroplast traps in detail with respect to trap color. Although clean sheets of Alsynite had a higher solar reflectance than Coroplast (90 versus 82% at 450 nm), Coroplast with debris had a higher reflectance than debris-covered Alsynite (62 versus 30% at 450 nm). White Coroplast was most effective, followed by closely by gray. Black and blue were the least effective trapping colors.

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Stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans L.) and the behavior of grazing beef cattle

Cited by 34 publications

References 19 publications

Functional genomics of the stable fly,Stomoxys calcitrans, reveals mechanisms underlying reproduction, host interactions, and novel targets for pest control

Functional genomics of the stable fly,Stomoxys calcitrans, reveals mechanisms underlying reproduction, host interactions, and novel targets for pest control

Risk of introduction of lumpy skin disease in France by the import of vectors in animal trucks

Studies on the Effectiveness of Coroplast Sticky Traps for Sampling Stable Flies (Diptera: Muscidae), Including a Comparison to Alsynite

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