2013
DOI: 10.1175/bams-d-11-00187.1
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Stable Atmospheric Boundary Layers and Diurnal Cycles: Challenges for Weather and Climate Models

Abstract: The representation of the atmospheric boundary layer is an important part of weather and climate models and impacts many applications such as air quality and wind energy. Over the years, the performance in modeling 2-m temperature and 10-m wind speed has improved but errors are still significant. This is in particular the case under clear skies and low wind speed conditions at night as well as during winter in stably stratified conditions over land and ice. In this paper, the authors review these issues and pr… Show more

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Cited by 417 publications
(335 citation statements)
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References 75 publications
(69 reference statements)
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“…This is treated differently in IFS, which could explain the warm bias. Holtslag et al (2013) show that T 2 m forecasted in winter over snow-covered areas with IFS is much more sensitive to slight changes in the stability functions with the current version of IFS than they were in previous versions. In order to demonstrate the sensitivity of T s to air temperature and to the representation of surface turbulent fluxes, four numerical experiments were made with Crocus under the following configurations: three experiments with a constant change in ERA-Interim T 2 m of +2, −2 and −4 • C, respectively, and an additional experiment with a change in ERA-Interim T 2 m of −4 • C and a change in the maximum Richardson number from its original 0.2 value to 0.1, which enhances the turbulent fluxes towards the surface in very stable conditions.…”
Section: Causes Of the Era-interim Warm Biasmentioning
confidence: 78%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…This is treated differently in IFS, which could explain the warm bias. Holtslag et al (2013) show that T 2 m forecasted in winter over snow-covered areas with IFS is much more sensitive to slight changes in the stability functions with the current version of IFS than they were in previous versions. In order to demonstrate the sensitivity of T s to air temperature and to the representation of surface turbulent fluxes, four numerical experiments were made with Crocus under the following configurations: three experiments with a constant change in ERA-Interim T 2 m of +2, −2 and −4 • C, respectively, and an additional experiment with a change in ERA-Interim T 2 m of −4 • C and a change in the maximum Richardson number from its original 0.2 value to 0.1, which enhances the turbulent fluxes towards the surface in very stable conditions.…”
Section: Causes Of the Era-interim Warm Biasmentioning
confidence: 78%
“…The difficulty of properly estimating the surface turbulent fluxes under very stable conditions has been extensively documented (for example Brun et al (1997), Martin and Lejeune (1998), Essery and Etchevers (2004), Anderson and Neff (2008), Sukoriansky et al (2006), Town and Walden (2009), Genthon et al (2010), Holtslag et al (2013)). Ad hoc treatments are often introduced in meteorological and snow models to solve the problem, as was done in SURFEX/Crocus with the introduction of the limitation in the Richardson number.…”
Section: Causes Of the Era-interim Warm Biasmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Because NO 2 mixing ratio is influenced by local effects, such as emission and diffusion, the model overestimation of NO 2 in this study may be caused by the uncertainties in emission inventory and boundary layer conditions. The underestimation of O 3 peaks, particularly on clean days before 14 October, might be because of the model inability to accurately represent the stable boundary layer (Holtslag et al, 2013), the overestimation of titration loss near the source regions (Im et al, 2015), and the model errors in temperature fields (Fig. 2).…”
Section: Chemical Compositionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It is now generally recognized that peculiarities of the stable ABL, including wave activity, affect not only regional weather, but also the general circulation of the atmosphere (see, e.g. Zilitinkevich and Esau 2003;Esau and Zilitinkevich 2010;Holtslag et al 2013;McGrath-Spangler et al 2015). A poor understanding of the exchange processes in the stable ABL and difficulties in its parametrization inhibit the development of numerical modelling of regional and local weather (Mahrt 1998;Cohen et al 2015).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%