Stabilizing shallow color centers in diamond created by nitrogen delta-doping using SF6 plasma treatment

Osterkamp, Christian; Lang, Johannes; Scharpf, Jochen; Müller, Christoph; McGuinness, Liam P.; Diemant, Thomas; Behm, R. Jürgen; Naydenov, Boris; Jelezko, Fedor

doi:10.1063/1.4915305

Cited by 44 publications

(43 citation statements)

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“…Existing studies include reports of CVD growth that demonstrated a narrow distribution in the confinement of NV centers in the vicinity of a surface 11 and their atomic alignment on (100), (110), (113), and (111) substrates for the formation of thick diamond films 14,15,16,17,18,19,20 . Nearly all previous studies have focused on either low density NV centers (<10 13 cm -3 3 ) in the vicinity of a surface with no alignment 21,22,23 or the formation of NV ensembles with alignment in bulk.In this paper, the formation of a perfectly aligned high-density shallow NV center film for surfacesensitive detection of nuclear spin has been demonstrated. Results obtained from SIMS measurement combined with an effective depth obtained from nanoscale NMR measurement confirms presence of shallow NV center approximately 9-10.7 nm from surface with error of less than ±0.8 nm.…”

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Perfectly aligned shallow ensemble nitrogen-vacancy centers in (111) diamond

Ishiwata

Nakajima

Tahara

et al. 2017

Applied Physics Letters

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We report the formation of perfectly aligned, high-density, shallow nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers on the Perfectly aligned shallow ensemble NV centers indicated a high Rabi contrast of approximately 30 % which is comparable to the values reported for a single NV center. Nanoscale NMR demonstrated surfacesensitive nuclear spin detection and provided a confirmation of the NV centers depth. Single NV center approximation indicated that the depth of the NV centers was approximately 9-10.7 nm from the surface with error of less than ±0.8 nm. Thus, a route for material control of shallow NV centers has been developed by step-flow growth using a CVD system. Our finding pioneers on the atomic level control of NV center alignment for large area quantum magnetometry. 6,7 . A fundamental limitation of an NV center based magnetometer is the material control required to confine the NV center in the vicinity (<10 nm) of the substrate surface with a high magnetic sensitivity.Previous studies that examined shallow NV centers focused on either a high-density ensemble for twodimensional large area imaging or a single NV center for high contrast and high coherent time to obtain a minimal detection volume using nanoscale NMR. However, it was found necessary to combine spatial localization of a NV centers with alignment, high density, and a long spin coherence time (T2) to obtain high magnetic sensitivity. The alignment of NV centers in an ensemble is the key to accomplish high contrast while maintaining high signal to noise ratio for high magnetic sensitivity with low accumulation time. In this regard, low energy ion implantation is the most common technique utilized for the production of NV centers in the vicinity of a surface 8 . However, this methodology suffers from large depth dispersion (>10 nm) of the NV centers due to ion straggling and channeling effects 9,10 . Additionally, high-density surface defects formed during implantation affect the spin coherence time and the ensembles show a random orientation with this technique 12,13,14 . Existing studies include reports of CVD growth that demonstrated a narrow distribution in the confinement of NV centers in the vicinity of a surface 11 and their atomic alignment on (100), (110), (113), and (111) substrates for the formation of thick diamond films 14,15,16,17,18,19,20 . Nearly all previous studies have focused on either low density NV centers (<10 13 cm -3 3 ) in the vicinity of a surface with no alignment 21,22,23 or the formation of NV ensembles with alignment in bulk.In this paper, the formation of a perfectly aligned high-density shallow NV center film for surfacesensitive detection of nuclear spin has been demonstrated. Results obtained from SIMS measurement combined with an effective depth obtained from nanoscale NMR measurement confirms presence of shallow NV center approximately 9-10.7 nm from surface with error of less than ±0.8 nm. The results of this study offer a path toward controlling the alignment of shallow NV center ensembles.In this study, NV-containing d...

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confidence: 99%

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Perfectly aligned shallow ensemble nitrogen-vacancy centers in (111) diamond

Ishiwata

Nakajima

Tahara

et al. 2017

Applied Physics Letters

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“…-An N-doped, several nm-thick layer, the δ-doped layer [47,48], is created in situ by the controlled introduction of N 2 gas during slow, plasma-enhanced CVD growth of single-crystal diamond (growth rate ≈ 0.1 nm/min; Figure 2a). Changing the N 2 flow tunes the resulting N densities.…”

Section: Creation Methods and Creation Yieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoscale Sensing Using Point Defects in Single-Crystal Diamond: Recent Progress on Nitrogen Vacancy Center-Based Sensors

et al. 2017

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Individual, luminescent point defects in solids, so-called color centers, are atomic-sized quantum systems enabling sensing and imaging with nanoscale spatial resolution. In this overview, we introduce nanoscale sensing based on individual nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond. We discuss two central challenges of the field: first, the creation of highly-coherent, shallow NV centers less than 10 nm below the surface of a single-crystal diamond; second, the fabrication of tip-like photonic nanostructures that enable efficient fluorescence collection and can be used for scanning probe imaging based on color centers with nanoscale resolution.

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“…Here, we describe a preparative and high‐yielding method for one‐step fluorination of NDs that can be performed on a benchtop using modest synthetic equipment. Our interest in fluorination of NDs arose from recent studies showing that fluorination of the diamond surface can be used to stabilize negatively charged nitrogen‐vacancy (NV − ) centers located close to the surface. These atomic defects in the diamond lattice have been thoroughly studied in the past two decades due to their unique applications as single photon emitters, ultrasensitive magnetic, and electric field sensors, chemical probes, and qubits .…”

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confidence: 99%

Benchtop Fluorination of Fluorescent Nanodiamonds on a Preparative Scale: Toward Unusually Hydrophilic Bright Particles

Havlík

Raabová

Gulka

et al. 2016

Adv Funct Materials

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Fluorination of diamonds modulates their optical and electromagnetic properties and creates surfaces with increased hydrophobicity. In addition, fl uorination of diamonds and nanodiamonds has been recently shown to stabilize fl uorescent nitrogen-vacancy centers, which can serve as extremely sensitive single atomic defects in a vast range of sensing applications from quantum physics to high-resolution biological imaging. Traditionally, fl uorination of carbon nanomaterials has been achieved using harsh and complex experimental conditions, creating hydrophobic interfaces with diffi cult dispersibility in aqueous environments. Here, a mild benchtop approach to nanodiamond fl uorination is described using selective Ag + -catalyzed radical substitution of surface carboxyls for fl uorine. In contrast to other approaches, this highyielding procedure does not etch diamond carbons and produces a highly hydrophilic interface with mixed C−F and C−OH termination. This dual functionalization of nanodiamonds suppresses detrimental hydrophobic interactions that would lead to colloidal destabilization of nanodiamonds. It is also demonstrated that even a relatively low surface density of fl uorine contributes to stabilization of negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy centers and boosts their fl uorescence. The simultaneous control of the surface hydrophilicity and the fl uorescence of nitrogen-vacancy centers is an important issue enabling direct application of fl uorescent nanodiamonds as nanosensors for quantum optical and magnetometry measurements operated in biological environment.

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Stabilizing shallow color centers in diamond created by nitrogen delta-doping using SF6 plasma treatment

Abstract: Influence of a static magnetic field on the photoluminescence of an ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy color centers in a diamond single-crystal Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 133101 (2009);

Cited by 44 publications

References 31 publications

Perfectly aligned shallow ensemble nitrogen-vacancy centers in (111) diamond

Perfectly aligned shallow ensemble nitrogen-vacancy centers in (111) diamond

Nanoscale Sensing Using Point Defects in Single-Crystal Diamond: Recent Progress on Nitrogen Vacancy Center-Based Sensors

Benchtop Fluorination of Fluorescent Nanodiamonds on a Preparative Scale: Toward Unusually Hydrophilic Bright Particles

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