Stabilization of Vitamin D in Pea Protein Isolate Nanoemulsions Increases Its Bioefficacy in Rats

Abstract

Micronutrient delivery formulations based on nanoemulsions can enhance the absorption of nutrients and bioactives, and thus, are of great potential for food fortification and supplementation strategies. The aim was to evaluate the bioefficacy of vitamin D (VitD) encapsulated in nanoemulsions developed by sonication and pH-shifting of pea protein isolate (PPI) in restoring VitD status in VitD-deficient rats. Weaned male albino rats (n = 35) were fed either normal diet AIN-93G (VitD 1000 IU/kg) (control group; n = 7) or a VitD-deficient diet (<50 IU/kg) for six weeks (VitD-deficient group; n = 28). VitD-deficient rats were divided into four subgroups (n = 7/group). Nano-VitD and Oil-VitD groups received a dose of VitD (81 µg) dispersed in either PPI-nanoemulsions or in canola oil, respectively, every other day for one week. Their control groups, Nano-control and Oil-control, received the respective delivery vehicles without VitD. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)VitD], parathyroid hormone (PTH), Ca, P, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were measured. After one week of treatment, the VitD-deficient rats consuming Nano-VitD recovered from Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) as compared against baseline and had serum 25(OH)VitD higher than the Nano-control. Enhancement in VitD status was followed with expected changes in serum PTH, Ca, P, and ALP levels, as compared against the controls. Stabilization of VitD within PPI-based nanoemulsions enhances its absorption and restores its status and biomarkers of bone resorption in VitD-deficient rats.

Vitamin D and Sarcopenia: Potential of Vitamin D Supplementation in Sarcopenia Prevention and Treatment

“…Similarly, Almajwal et al found that Wistar rats fed a vitamin D deficient diet (vitamin D < 50 IU/kg (25 µg/kg)) for 6 weeks were soon restored to normal serum 25(OH)D levels by oral administration of garden pea protein-based vitamin D fortified nanoemulsion (containing 81 µg of vitamin D) given every other day for one week (three times in total). In contrast, there was no improvement in serum 25(OH)D in the group given canola oil supplemented with the same amount of vitamin D [ 73 ]. In the future, studies on the development of foods fortified with vitamin D by way of nanoemulsion technology, as well as functional foods containing vitamin D, may significantly increase the bioavailability of vitamin D in the elderly, ultimately contributing to improved vitamin D deficiency interventions.…”

Bioavailability, rheology, and sensory evaluation of mayonnaise fortified with vitamin D encapsulated in protein‐based carriers

“…The plasma was centrifuged at 1,000 g for 10 min and stored at −20°C until further analysis (Diarrassouba et al, 2015b). Direct ELISA kit #MBS2601819 (MyBio‐Source, CA) was used to determine vitamin D concentration in rat serum according to the manufacturer's instructions (Almajwal et al, 2019). Serum calcium indicates the efficiency of vitamin D. Serum calcium levels were measured with Backman assay (Nevo‐Shor et al, 2016).…”

Health Benefits of Pea Protein Isolate: A Comparative Review

“…This review does not go into depth about pea protein's functional emulsion properties, however, a 2019 study by Almajwal et al evaluated the stability of vitamin D in PPI nanoemulsions [13]. Due to the pulse's high ability to absorb oil-water interfaces and form films, a potential new application may have been discovered for PPI aside from a food additive or supplement for protein [13]. 35 vitamin D deficient rats were used, divided into four groups: PPI nanoemulsion, with and without vitamin D and canola oilbased control, and with and without vitamin D [13].…”

“…Due to the pulse's high ability to absorb oil-water interfaces and form films, a potential new application may have been discovered for PPI aside from a food additive or supplement for protein [13]. 35 vitamin D deficient rats were used, divided into four groups: PPI nanoemulsion, with and without vitamin D and canola oilbased control, and with and without vitamin D [13]. After one week, rats receiving PPI nanoemulsions with vitamin D had significantly higher circulating 25(OH) Vitamin D than before treatment and the controls.…”

“…After one week, rats receiving PPI nanoemulsions with vitamin D had significantly higher circulating 25(OH) Vitamin D than before treatment and the controls. Vitamin D deficient biomarkers including parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were significantly lower, aiding in the restoration from deficiency [13]. Histological evaluations showed significant improvements in the osteoid area rather than the trabecular separations.…”