“…Underactuated control systems (Shi, Yao, Yuan, Hu, et al, 2022; Song et al, 2020) refer to control systems in which the number of system control inputs is less than the number of system degrees of freedom. The models are seen in systems, such as inverted pendulum systems (Franco et al, 2018; Jmel et al, 2020), bat systems (Mehedi et al, 2019; Saeed & Soltanpour, 2021), tower crane robots (Ouyang et al, 2021; M. Zhang et al, 2021), and so forth.…”