Stability of human enteroviruses in estuarine and marine waters

Lo, Shen; Gilbert, J.; Hetrick, Frank M.

doi:10.1128/aem.32.2.245-249.1976

Cited by 69 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(6 reference statements)

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“…Our data showed no long‐term persistence of spumavirus (i.e., the virus was not detected after 7 days) in distilled, estuarine, or marine water. These results with pure systems agree with earlier works, wherein increased salinity and media of differing ionic strengths afforded no significant viral stabilizing effects among a range of lipid and non‐lipid viral particles [18,22–24].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Survival of spumavirus, a primate retrovirus, in laboratory media and water

Lotlikar

Lipson

2002

FEMS Microbiology Letters

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The persistence of a previously characterized spumavirus strain (strain SV-522) was investigated utilizing various laboratory media and waters, including Eagle's minimal essential medium (EMEM) plus 0% fetal bovine serum (EMEM-0%), EMEM-2%, EMEM-10%, Chlamydia transport medium (CTM), phosphate-buffered saline, distilled, estuarine, and marine water, human serum, and the germicides, ethyl alcohol (70%) and sodium hypochlorite (10%). Experiments were performed at 4 degrees C and/or 23 degrees C. Infectivity endpoints were determined in stock aliquots upon initiation of testing and then after 3, 5, 7, and 10 days. The virus was reisolated from all diluents after 5 days at 23 degrees C and in EMEM-10% after 7 days. The virus was detected in CTM, EMEM-2%, EMEM-10%, and estuarine and marine waters after 7 days at 4 degrees C. Differences in the persistence of the virus may be ascribed to temperature and organic load. Water ionic strengths (e.g., estuarine vs. marine water) had no effect on modifying persistence of viral particles. Infectivity of spumavirus was undetectable after 30 s in 70% ethanol or 10% sodium hypochlorite. After 30 min at 23 degrees C, spumavirus infectivity in normal but not heat-inactivated human serum increased by almost 100-fold. Persistence of infectivity of primate spumavirus after 7 days in media and waters, and the agent's infectious potential in the human host, emphasize a need for cautious recognition during the manipulation of primate cells/organs and in the handling of primates themselves.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Survival of spumavirus, a primate retrovirus, in laboratory media and water

Lotlikar

Lipson

2002

FEMS Microbiology Letters

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“…w a t e r r e s e a r c h 4 5 ( 2 0 1 1 ) 1 0 2 5 e1 0 3 8 detection frequency may have been due to the greater dispersing and diluting power of the sea compared with that of the fresh waters. Alternatively, viruses may be less stable in marine waters due to the higher salt content, especially with higher temperatures (Hawley and Garver, 2008;Lo et al, 1976). The frequent detection of HAdVs by most laboratories reflected their known environmental robustness; though it was not possible to perform ICC-PCR on all the adenovirus-positive samples and thus show that all contained infectious viruses, it is known that adenoviruses can persist in an infectious state in various environments over long periods (Rzezutka and Cook, 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surveillance of adenoviruses and noroviruses in European recreational waters

et al. 2011

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Exposure to human pathogenic viruses in recreational waters has been shown to cause disease outbreaks. In the context of Article 14 of the revised European Bathing Waters Directive 2006/7/EC (rBWD, CEU, 2006) a Europe-wide surveillance study was carried out to determine the frequency of occurrence of two human enteric viruses in recreational waters. Adenoviruses were selected based on their near-universal shedding and environmental survival, and noroviruses (NoV) selected as being the most prevalent gastroenteritis agent worldwide. Concentration of marine and freshwater samples was done by adsorption/elution followed by molecular detection by (RT)-PCR. Out of 1410 samples, 553 (39.2%) were positive for one or more of the target viruses. Adenoviruses, detected in 36.4% of samples, were more prevalent than noroviruses (9.4%), with 3.5% GI and 6.2% GII, some samples being positive for both GI and GII. Of 513 human adenovirus-positive samples, 63 (12.3%) were also norovirus-positive, whereas 69 (7.7%) norovirus-positive samples were adenovirus-negative. More freshwater samples than marine water samples were virus-positive. Out of a small selection of samples tested for adenovirus infectivity, approximately one-quarter were positive. Sixty percent of 132 nested-PCR adenovirus-positive samples analysed by quantitative PCR gave a mean value of over 3000 genome copies per L of water. The simultaneous detection of infectious adenovirus and of adenovirus and NoV by (RT)PCR suggests that the presence of infectious viruses in recreational waters may constitute a public health risk upon exposure. These studies support the case for considering adenoviruses as an indicator of bathing water q

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“…From the 1960s, the survival of viruses, especially human viruses such as enteroviruses, in water from various sources has been well documented for community health purposes. Human enterovirus infectivity is affected by salinity, water temperature (Lo, Gilbert & Hetrick ), chemicals (Salo & Cliver ), pH, sediment, small particles (Labelle & Gerba , ) and microorganisms (Fujioka, Loh & Lau ). Microorganisms are considered to be an important factor related to the inactivation of the virus in water from fish habitats.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inactivation of koi‐herpesvirus in water using bacteria isolated from carp intestines and carp habitats

Yoshida

Kasai

et al. 2013

Journal of Fish Diseases

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Since its first outbreak in Japan in 2003, koi-herpesvirus (KHV) remains a challenge to the carp Cyprinus carpio L. breeding industry. In this study, inactivation of KHV in water from carp habitats (carp habitat water) was investigated with the aim of developing a model for rapidly inactivating the pathogen in aquaculture effluent. Experiments with live fish showed that, in carp habitat water, KHV lost its infectivity within 3 days. Indications were that inactivation of KHV was caused by the antagonistic activity of bacteria (anti-KHV bacteria) in the water from carp habitats. Carp habitat water and the intestinal contents of carp were therefore screened for anti-KHV bacteria. Of 581 bacterial isolates, 23 showed anti-KHV activity. An effluent treatment model for the disinfection of KHV in aquaculture effluent water using anti-KHV bacteria was developed and evaluated. The model showed a decrease in cumulative mortality and in the number of KHV genome copies in kidney tissue of fish injected with treated effluent compared with a positive control. It is thought that anti-KHV bacteria isolated from the intestinal contents of carp and from carp habitat water can be used to control KHV outbreaks.

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Stability of human enteroviruses in estuarine and marine waters

Cited by 69 publications

References 10 publications

Survival of spumavirus, a primate retrovirus, in laboratory media and water

Survival of spumavirus, a primate retrovirus, in laboratory media and water

Surveillance of adenoviruses and noroviruses in European recreational waters

Inactivation of koi‐herpesvirus in water using bacteria isolated from carp intestines and carp habitats

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